Related Manuals for LXNAV NANO4
Summary of Contents for LXNAV NANO4
- Page 1 NANO Touch Screen Flight Recorder Version 3.00 LXNAV d.o.o. • Kidričeva 24, 3000 Celje, Slovenia • tel +386 592 33 400 fax +386 599 33 522 info@lxnav.com • www.lxnav.com...
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Page 2: Table Of Contents
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 Important Notices Limited Warranty Sunburned Display Warranty Battery Information 1.3.1 Disposal of Old Electrical & Electronic Equipment 1.3.2 Disposal of Waste Batteries Packing Lists Quick Start Guide Charging the Device Turn ON Setting up Your NANO Graphic Customization Setup NAVBOXES 3.5.1... - Page 3 Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 Tree Structure Main Navigation Screen Description 6.2.1 Wind Symbol 6.2.2 Thermal Assistant The Locked Screen The Info Screen The FLARM Screen 6.5.1 FLARM Symbols The Waypoint Screen The Task Screen The Setup Menu 6.8.1 6.8.2 Flight Recorder 6.8.3...
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Page 4: Setting Up Your Nano
Changing Parameters With NanoConfig 8.3.2.1 Flight Recording Interval 8.3.2.2 Automatically Finish Flight 8.3.2.3 Start Recording on Power On 8.3.2.4 Automatically Turn Off Nano4 When a Flight Ends 8.3.2.5 Bluetooth 8.3.2.6 NMEA Output Using Bluetooth or Serial Interface NanoConfig for Android Devices 8.5.1 Connecting and Pairing the NANO 8.5.2... -
Page 5: Important Notices
LXNAV retains the exclusive right to repair or replace the unit or software, or to offer a full refund of the purchase price, at its sole discretion. SUCH REMEDY SHALL BE YOUR SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY FOR ANY BREACH OF WARRANTY. -
Page 6: Sunburned Display Warranty
August 2020 1.2 Sunburned Display Warranty Any kind of display including LXNAV instrument display screens can be damaged / burnt by strong sunlight magnified by canopies in certain positions. We suggest you protect your device from the direct sunlight, especially when the canopy is open. -
Page 7: Battery Information
Keep the battery pack dry. • Replace the battery pack only with the same or equivalent type recommended by LXNAV. • Dispose of used battery packs promptly as described in these instructions. 1.3.1 Disposal of Old Electrical & Electronic Equipment... -
Page 8: Disposal Of Waste Batteries
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 1.3.2 Disposal of Waste Batteries (Applicable in the European Union and other European countries with separate collection systems) This symbol on the battery or on the packaging, indicates that the battery provided with this product shall not be treated as household waste. ensuring these batteries are disposed of correctly, you will help prevent potentially negative consequences for the environment and human health, which could otherwise be caused by inappropriate waste handling of the... -
Page 9: Packing Lists
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 2 Packing Lists In the box, you will find: • A NANO flight recorder with a preloaded NanoConfig program and a user manual which is loaded on the USB stick • A MicroUSB cable •... -
Page 10: Quick Start Guide
4. Polar and Glider settings 5. Click ABOUT and check whether you have the latest official firmware version on your NANO . To check which is the latest official version, follow www.lxnav.com (refer to the firmware section). 3.4 Graphic Customization... -
Page 11: Editing Navboxes
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 3.5.1 Editing Navboxes At the bottom of the map screen, there are four nav boxes, which the pilot can choose. With a longer push on the nav box, the user can select one of several nav box options. The following nav boxes are available: •... -
Page 12: Maccready/Ballast/Bugs Widget Settings
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 To remove a nav box select first option ("Remove"). 3.6 MacCready/Ballast/Bugs Widget Settings Touching a MC value on the WPT/TSK screen will open the MC/BALL/BUGS screen. On this screen MacCready, Ballast and Bugs and map shortcuts can be adjusted. At the same time a calculated final glide and speed are displayed on the lower part of the screen. -
Page 13: Map Shortcuts
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 3.6.1 Map Shortcuts In the same menu just as for the MC/BALL/BUGS it is possible to enabled/disable following options: • Airspace • Waypoints • Terrain • • Vario The picture below shows that only terrain and map are active; all other options are disabled 3.7 Editing Wind The wind editing screen will open after touching a Wind Arrow on the screen. - Page 14 Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 The NANO will automatically calculate and display current wind information. Alternatively, when this option is disabled, you can enter wind data yourself. You can do this by manually adjusting the wind speed and direction or by simply dragging the arrow over the bottom part of the screen.
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Page 15: Basics
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 4 Basics 4.1 The NANO at a Glance The NANO flight recorder is the smallest flight recorder designed in accordance with the IGC "All Flights" specification. It has IGC approval level 1 for all flights including world records. It features an integrated 56-channel GPS receiver with a built-in antenna, an altitude sensor, an ENL sensor, a security micro-switch, a Bluetooth module, a Wi-Fi module and a 2800 mAh battery. -
Page 16: Technical Data
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 At the top of the unit there is a micro USB connector which is used for charging and transferring data. The power button is next to the micro USB. The internal solid-state disk is preloaded with the NanoConfig program and the NANO Manual. -
Page 17: Four Push Buttons
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 4.5 Four Push Buttons The NANO has four push buttons, which have dynamic functions. The function of each push button is described on the label adjacent to the button. The functions of buttons are mostly related to the current page (Waypoint, Task, FLARM, Info, Setup). -
Page 18: Als (Ambient Light Sensor)
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 LEDs show the status only when the LCD is off. A blue LED blinking means that NANO is still running. 4.7 ALS (Ambient Light Sensor) On the top right side there is an ambient light sensor. If you have enabled "automatic LCD brightness", the ALS will adjust the brightness of the screen. -
Page 19: Available Cables For Nanopower
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 You will find a pin description on the NanoPower RJ45 in the picture below. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pin numbers Pin number Description Ground (output) Transmit from NANO RS232 (e.g. Computer, V7) (input) Receive toNANO RS232 (e.g. -
Page 20: Operation
USB cable is unplugged, the NANO will shut down. When in the data transfer mode, if you press any button, the NANO4 will revert to normal operation mode. Connect the NANO4 to the NanoPower cable. The NANO... -
Page 21: User Input
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 After clicking "OK" or waiting 30 seconds instrument will proceed to the Flight info page. The instrument is now ready to use. In the left upper corner the GPS status is displayed. The NANO has a very sensitive GPS receiver which can sometimes acquire a GPS satellite signal even indoors. -
Page 22: Buttons On The Nano 4
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 5.2.1 Buttons on the NANO Buttons have dynamically set functions. Pressing a button will give more options. The main text in the box will perform an action assigned in the context. When you press a button a row will appear with the action assigned to that button in that context. -
Page 23: Ins. (D): D Will Delete The Selected Point Text Edit Control
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 5.2.2 Ins. (D): D will Delete the Selected Point Text Edit Control Use the Text Editor to input an alphanumeric sequence; the picture below shows typical options when editing text. Use the keyboard on the touch screen or the up/down button to change the value at the current cursor position. -
Page 24: Colour Selection
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 5.2.5 Colour Selection Use colour selection boxes to select a colour from a list of predefined colours. Use the up/down buttons or touch to select the appropriate colour. 5.2.6 Checkbox and Checkbox List A checkbox enables or disables a parameter. Press the EDIT button to toggle the value. If an option is enabled a check mark will be displayed, otherwise an empty rectangle will be displayed. -
Page 25: Slider Selector
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 5.2.7 Slider Selector Some values like volume and brightness are displayed as a slider. With Edit or a press on that area of the screen you can activate slider control, then with the Up/Down buttons or slide on screen, you can select the preferred value and confirm via the Ok push button. -
Page 26: Security Void
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 5.5 Security Void When the security (secret key) is lost at power on the red light will be blinking and a "DIGITAL SIGNATURE FAILED" message will appear on the screen. To continue press any button. - Page 27 Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 Open this device to see its content. In the root folder you will find the flights created by the NANO together with the NanoConfig program. The NanoConfig program will run only on Microsoft Windows operating systems. Double click to run it.
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Page 28: Downloading Flights
(refer to Section 6.8.9.2 for how to enable Bluetooth). The NANO will be identified as LXNAV-NANO4-<SERIALNUMBER>. Click PAIR or CONNECT to connect to the NANO . A security pin must be entered. The pin code for the NANO is 1234 and cannot be changed. -
Page 29: Calibration Of The Battery
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 If you want a faster charge you must connect the NANO to a power supply, wait for it to boot up and then press the button to switch the unit off. In this mode all the NANO functions (GPS, Bluetooth, Memory) are turned off and this will increase the charging speed. -
Page 30: Storing The Nano
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 5.12 Storing the Nano The NANO must be stored in a dry environment with a temperature lower than 25°C (77° If you do not intend to use the NANO for an extended time it is recommended that you charge the battery to 50% beforehand. -
Page 31: Tree Structure
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6 Working with the NANO 6.1 Tree Structure The NANO has 5 modes: Info, FLARM (if FLARM is connected), Waypoint, Task and Setup mode. Info FLARM Waypoint Task Setup 6.2 Main Navigation Screen Description The main navigation screen consists of a map, terrain with coloured airspace, waypoints with names or task (depending on which page you are looking at), a vario tape (optional) on the left, wind symbol, final glide indicator, a status bar on the top and navbox bar at the bottom. - Page 32 Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 strengths (left strong, right weak). Error connecting to server, no Internet. The battery level can be displayed in two ways: with the classic battery level indicator or a round progress (circle) with a number inside which indicates the remaining hours. Outside progress indicates the percentage of the battery level.
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Page 33: Wind Symbol
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.2.1 Wind Symbol The wind symbol shows the wind direction. As shown below the first number shows the wind direction which is also indicated by an arrow. The second number represents the wind speed. By clicking on the wind arrow it is possible to change the wind calculation from automatic to manual wind setting. -
Page 34: The Info Screen
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 When the screen is locked it will show only the info screen. You can still scroll up and down, but you cannot change or edit anything on the screen. The info screen can be configured. 6.4 The Info Screen On the info screen, various data about the NANO flight recorder can be displayed. -
Page 35: Flarm Symbols
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.5.1 FLARM Symbols Power FLARM supports symbols depending on the type of the object. Symbols are as shown in the table below: 6.6 The Waypoint Screen The waypoint screen is meant to navigate to a selected WPT or to NEAR Airport/Wpt. Pressing Select allows you to select any waypoint from the CUP file. -
Page 36: The Task Screen
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 A longer push on the map will bring the near airport/waypoint selection menu around the pressed location on the map. A longer push on the steering course will bring the near airport/waypoint selection menu in the flying direction. Clicking on different elements on the screen will allow you to edit them. - Page 37 Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 • Graphics • Connect • Warnings • Task • Observation zones • Hardware • FLARM • Files • Units • Logbook • Polar&Glider • Wind • Password • About • Shutdown Page 37 of 80...
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Page 38: Qnh
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.1 QNH QNH settings can be changed in this menu. If the QNH setting is correct the NANO will show the correct altitude. This is the same page that also appears on power-on. This can be disabled by unchecking the Show dialogue option. -
Page 39: Display
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.3 Display The display settings can be configured in this menu. • Automatic brightness can be enabled or defined via a "hamburger" menu. o Minimum brightness o Maximum brightness o Get brighter in is the time to reach max brightness o Get darker in is the time to reach min brightness •... -
Page 40: Graphics
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 • Screen Fade enables fading the screen to the level "Fade brightness" after "Fade Timeout" time. o Fade brightness is the level of brightness at which the screen will fade. o Fade timeout is the time taken for the screen will fade to "fade brightness". •... -
Page 41: Vario
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 By clicking on the "hamburger" menu of the Status bar style you can switch between two battery status styles Standard and With time (shows how many hours/minutes is left), adjust status bar text colour and enable seconds on time display. 6.8.4.2 Vario The Show vario tape can be displayed or hidden from the WPT and TSK page. -
Page 42: Airspace
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 • Grayscale • Himalaya • High contrast • Low contrast • ICAO • Mountains • • Zebra • Zebra2 Map elements such as water, roads, highways etc. can be modified in the draw map menu. The Steering Course widget is seen at the top of the WPT and TSK page, while the MacCready widget is seen in the centre of page on the right-hand side. -
Page 43: Waypoints
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.4.5 Waypoints Waypoints can be seen if Show Waypoints is enabled. When Colour points in range is enabled, waypoints that are in the range at that given moment will change colour to green when on marginal final glide, to orange and when not in the range to red colour. To avoid long names on the map you can reduce the number of characters that are displayed in each label by clicking Label length and change their size and colour of the text. -
Page 44: Flarm
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.4.8 FLARM Show traffic on map can be enabled or disabled. Colours for above/below/near/selected target and font can be set. Additional options are available such as Bubble around target, Draw history, Draw line to target, Lock on target, enabling showing of A/C target and changing plane icon size. -
Page 45: Wind
There are five sub items in the www menu: • Services • Email • Sign out Google Drive, Dropbox and Skysight services are not yet supported. You can connect to LXNAV Connect cloud services. Follow the link or scan the QR code. Page 45 of 80... - Page 46 Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 You need to pair your profile with LXNAV Connect account. Pairing is possible also via the website. Just click on profiles and then on the pair profile. For manual pairing go to: connect.lxnav.com When the pairing process has been completed on the web the list of available services will be displayed.
- Page 47 Version 3.00 August 2020 Next time you will sign into your account automatically. Services marked "unsupported" are the ones you have added to your LXNAV Connect profile but are not yet supported on the Nano . You can still use them on other supported devices (for example LX9000).
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Page 48: Warnings
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.6 Warnings The pilot can setup Airspace alarms, Altitudealarms, Flarmalarms, Gear warning and their conditions. There is a possibility to disable warnings in first 3 minutes of a flight. The Landing gear warning will be triggered when AGL altitude setting is reached. 6.8.6.1 FLARM Warnings FLARM warnings are classified into three levels (refer to the FLARM manual for details on www.flarm.com):... -
Page 49: Airspace Warning
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 The Flarm timeout defines the time when the user ceases to see a FLARM warning after dismissing the FLARM warning of a FLARM object. Alert on A/C mode enables or disables whether an alarm is set off by A/C mode transponders whose location is unknown and whose distance is only approximated. -
Page 50: Task
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.7 Task New, edit, load and save task are found here. Once a new task is created you can edit it as described in Section 8.2.2. To save the currently open task press Save. Saved tasks can later be brought back by clicking Load and selecting the task you wish to load. -
Page 51: Hardware
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 When using parameters in the zone dialogue, it is possible to describe all types of observation zones. Angle12 defines the orientation of the observation zone. Available values for Direction are: • Symmetric: this is the most common selection for a turn point. •... -
Page 52: Vario
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.9.1 Vario The vario submenu allows you to adjust the Vario filters for the Vario needle and the vario sound, vario tape range and integrator time. A higher number for the vario filters means a more damped vario signal. Range is the overall scale of the vario type with its maximum and minimum value. -
Page 53: Communication
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 Please read the IGC approval for the Nano for how to use the Nano as a MOP recorder. 6.8.9.3 Communication In the communication menu you can enable or disable the Bluetooth device, enable or disable the NMEA output on the external USB port and the baud rate for the external serial interface. -
Page 54: Battery
• Good • Contact service (that may indicate end of the life of the battery). Be advised that user cannot change battery on his own and should contact a LXNAV dealer if this step is necessary. Page 54 of 80... -
Page 55: Wi-Fi
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.9.6 Wi-Fi On Wi-Fi page are available following items: • Setup • Access points • IP NMEA 6.8.9.6.1 Setup In setup the user can enable or disable Wi-Fi module and see the version of the Wi-Fi firmware, MAC addresses of Access point and Wi-Fi module. -
Page 56: Ip Nmea
DHCP. 6.8.9.7 IP NMEA Here you can enable or disable TCP/IP NMEA sentences. You can also see your Nano access point (format: NANO4-xxxx) or set-up IP address, port number, netmask and gateway. 6.8.10 FLARM If a FLARM is detected the user can make some configuration setting changes on the FLARM and display some FLARM status information. -
Page 57: Airspaces
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 Please refer to Section 4.6 on how to upload files. 6.8.11.1 Airspaces Once your airspace files (.cub) are loaded on to the Nano select it in Files->Airspaces. Selected airspaces will now be displayed on the waypoint and task pages. The Airspace CUB file is limited to a maximum 5 Mbytes size. -
Page 58: Map
The Waypoint CUP file is limited to a maximum 1 Mbyte size. 6.8.11.3 Map The NANO can have terrains and maps. To obtain map files (CITv1 or CITv2) please visit: CITv1: https://gliding.lxnav.com/citv1/ CITv2: https://gliding.lxnav.com/citv2/ Once downloaded: • Connect your Nano to the computer •... -
Page 59: Igc To Klm
The NANO4 can convert all IGC files loaded on the NANO to KML file format. Simply select the file and press KML in the bottom right corner. 6.8.12 Units The NANO4 has a possibility to load preseted units from the following list: • Metric •... -
Page 60: Logbook
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 • Altitude • Temperature • Pressure • Speed • XCspeed • Vertical speed • Wind speed • Weight • Load • Longitude/Latitude • Ballast 6.8.13 Logbook All flights recorded by the NANO are stored and sorted by date in the logbook. following parameters are recorded: date, take-off &... -
Page 61: Polar & Glider
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.14 Polar & Glider The Polar and Glider section allows you to load and edit a set of parameters for the polar of your glider. You can select from a pre-defined list of nearly every common glider or create your own polar. -
Page 62: Wind
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 • Empty weight is weight of the glider without the pilot and ballast. • Pilot weight is the weight of the pilot with a parachute and some baggage. • Co Pilot Weight is the weight of the co-pilot with a parachute and some baggage. 6.8.15 Wind In this section the pilot can define a wind calculation method. -
Page 63: About
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 6.8.17 About Under the About menu the user can see the version and serial number of the NANO 6.8.18 Shutdown Pressing the button adjacent to this item on the NANO screen will shut down the NANO after confirmation. - Page 64 Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 7 FLARM on NANO The NANO can display FLARM and PCAS traffic on the map or on a radar screen. The radar screen is visible only when a FLARM object is detected by the NANO .
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Page 65: Connecting A Flarm To The Nano 4
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 7.2 Connecting a FLARM to the NANO NANO USB cable FLARM CC-NP-IGC cable Nano Power Must be connected to 12V 12V power supply 7.3 Connecting a FLARM to the NANO using the NanoPower-FL NANO USB cable FLARM Nano Power-FL... -
Page 66: Connecting A Lxxxxx Flarm Port To The Nano
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 7.5 Connecting a LXxxxx Flarm port to the NANO using the NanoPower- NANO USB cable Nano Power-FL Gets 12V from LX LX8080/8000/9050/9000/9070 7.6 Connecting NANO with Serial Number less than 06099 Please note that in all configurations described above a level converter is required for connecting any NANO device with a serial number less than 06099 with NanoPower. -
Page 67: Declarations
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 8 Configuring the NANO 8.1 Declarations One can upload flight declarations to the NANO in four different ways: • Directly on the NANO • Using the NanoConfig program on PC, • Bluetooth (NanoConfig for Android, Oudie, XCsoar...) •... - Page 68 Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 When one is back in the Task menu one can Insert or >DeleteD a waypoint. insert delete a waypoint the pilot applies a short push on Ins. To a waypoint, he depresses and holds down the button for about (not more than) one second.
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Page 69: On A Pc With Nanoconfig For Windows
NANO The version of the program is written in the lower left corner of the NanoConfig window. When requesting support from LXNAV or reporting a bug, please always include the version of the program in your email. -
Page 70: Pilot Information
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 8.3.1.1 Pilot Information Enter pilot and glider information into the pilot section. In the top right you will find two icons. The first icon will show a list of stored pilot information and the second will add the current pilot information to the list. -
Page 71: Changing Parameters With Nanoconfig
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 8.3.2 Changing Parameters With NanoConfig Run the NanoConfig program and go to the settings screen which is split into two sections: settings dedicated to the NANO and settings for NanoConfig. Parameters for the NANO include the recording interval, a NMEA output and a Bluetooth enable setting. -
Page 72: Automatically Turn Off Nano4 When A Flight Ends
Check the Enable Bluetooth checkbox if you want to turn it on. By default Bluetooth is disabled. When Bluetooth is enabled the NANO4 will consume more power and the total endurance of a new and charged battery will be reduced to approximately 14 hours. -
Page 73: Nanoconfig For Android Devices
Version 3.00 August 2020 8.5 NanoConfig for Android Devices One can download NanoConfig from the LXNAV web site or Google Play Market. NanoConfig is a configuration tool for the NANO The pilot can easily modify all flight recorder parameters, edit pilot and glider information, edit the declaration and transfer flights from the NANO to a smart phone. -
Page 74: Logbook
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 8.5.3 Logbook The first time one accesses this tab the NanoConfig will automatically start reading flights from the connected NANO . Downloading always starts from the most recent to the oldest flight. If you have a lot of flights in the NANO ’s memory, the transfer of the logbook can be interrupted with the BACK button. -
Page 75: Task
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 8.5.5 Task This page is used for creation of new tasks or editing old ones. First it is necessary to choose a waypoint file in the CUP (SeeYou) format. To select the CUP file use the MENU button. On some devices you must press the menu button for a long time. - Page 76 Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 Page 76 of 80...
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Page 77: Files
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 8.5.7 Files Use this page to select files you want to upload file to your NANO device. Simply find file you wish to upload from your smartphone, press it and select Upload. 8.5.8 Updates This page is used to check for application and bootloader updates. -
Page 78: Updating Firmware
Version 3.00 August 2020 9 Updating Firmware 9.1 Manual Update Download the latest version from www.lxnav.com. Then simply copy the .zfw file to your NANO device (root folder) and restart it. On start-up the NANO will detect the update file and will ask you if you wish to update. -
Page 79: Troubleshooting
Q: Is the internal Li-Ion battery for the NANO end-user replaceable or would I need to send the unit back to LXNAV, or to a dealer to have the battery replaced? A: Users cannot replace the Li-Ion Battery. Refer to Section 5.13. -
Page 80: Revision History
Rev #2 Version 3.00 August 2020 11 Revision History Date Comments January 2017 Initial release of owner manual May 2017 New Sections 6.5.1 and 4.9 September New Chapter 0 2017 February 2018 English correction by JR March 2018 Major update. Most chapters updated. Added Sections: 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.8.4.1-5.8.4.7,6.6, 7.5 April 2018 Added Section 9.3...