Unpacking ................18 Setting up the instrument ............. 19 6.2.1 Installation of DEG drip bottle for Airmodus PSM ....20 Installing A1X Software ............21 Before starting the software for the first time ......23 Starting the measurements ........... 25 Operation and Maintenance ............
Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 1 Warning THE PRODUCTS OF AIRMODUS LTD. ARE NOT INTENDED TO BE USED NOR DESIGNED WITH COMPONENTS AND TESTING SUITABLE FOR USE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HUMANS OR AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN ANY LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS WHOSE FAILURE TO PERFORM CAN REASONABLY BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE INJURY TO A HUMAN.
Seller. This applies also e.g. to particle counters connected to Airmodus particle size magnifiers: Airmodus has no liability in connection with the integrated system unless the whole system is delivered by Airmodus;...
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 6 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 BASED ON CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, OTHER TORT, OR OTHERWISE) SHALL BE RETURN OF THE PRODUCT TO THE FACTORY OR DESIGNATED LOCATION AND THE REFUND OF THE PURCHASE PRICE, OR, AT THE OPTION OF SELLER, THE REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OF THE PRODUCT.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 7 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 3 Safety Warning: This measurement system uses diethylene glycol and n- butanol as working fluids. Diethylene glycol is toxic and hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion and of inhalation.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 8 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 4 nano Condensation Nucleus Counter – Introduction 4.1 Introduction The nano Condensation Nucleus Counter system consists of a Particle Size Magnifier (PSM) and a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). The PSM is...
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 9 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 working fluid. Since diethylene glycol can grow the particles only to about 90 nm in diameter, a CPC using butanol as condensing fluid is needed as a second stage for further growing the particles to optical sizes, and for detection.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 10 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 After the PSM a part of the flow is led to the CPC, and part of the flow is discarded as excess flow. Please note: The flows of the PSM are controlled as mass flow and converted to volumetric flow (@20 C and 101.3kPa).
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 11 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 used independently for measuring the total particle concentration, or as a counter in various aerosol measurement systems. The condensing fluid in A20 is n-butanol. The supersaturation required for condensation is achieved by cooling warm air saturated with butanol until the vapour starts to condense on particles.
Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 5 Instrument descriptions The A11 nCNC system consists of an A10 PSM and an A20 CPC, together with the A1X operating software. 5.1 PSM front Panel Figure 5-1 Front panel of the PSM 1.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 13 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 6. USB 2.0 connection 7. Programmable 0-10 V analogue output connection (a BNC connector). Can be used to control e.g. an Ion filter or a DMA.
Connector for draining butanol out of the instrument. 4. Power light The power light indicates that the instrument is on. The power light is red if the instrument self-test fails (contact Airmodus). 5. Status light The status light indicates that all the operation parameters (e.g.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 15 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 temperatures) of the instrument have reached correct values. Status light is green, when everything is ok, and red if any of the settings are out-of-range. Status light is yellow when instrument is in warm-up mode.
Programmable 0-10V analog voltage input/outputs. A1X Software The A11 nCNC includes software, which can be installed to a computer (Microsoft Windows only). The software can be used for setting and monitoring the PSM and CPC status and parameters, changing the measurement mode, and displaying and saving data from the nCNC.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 17 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 size is based on Nickel Chromium calibration and thus is given as Nickel Chromium equivalent diameter, for other particle compositions the activation spectra may represent other sizes.
6.1 Unpacking Warning: Check that the box is upwards from the side arrow stickers before opening. The A11 nCNC shipment contains two boxes. Each box contains an instrument mounted on foam cushions, and a smaller box containing accessories (e.g. sample...
Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Setting up the instrument Figure 6-1 Set-up of the A11 1. Attach the power cables to the PSM and the CPC. 2. Connect vacuum and pressurized air to the PSM front panel and vacuum to the CPC back panel (see Figure 6-1) 3.
DEG). Set the measured flow rate into the Before starting tab of the measurement software. 9. Connect the sample inlet of the PSM. 6.2.1 Installation of DEG drip bottle for Airmodus PSM PSM uses diethylene glycol (DEG) grow aerosol particle.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 21 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 6.3 Installing A1X Software NOTE: have the instruments on and connected to your computer before installing the software. We recommend that the computer is connected to internet when installing the software for the first time.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 22 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Select the destination directories (make sure you have writing access) and click next. Accept both of the National Instruments software licenses and click next. This dialog shows which...
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 23 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Wait for the installation process to finish. After software installation is finished, click Finish button The computer still needs to be restarted to finish the installation. After restart the A1X software is fully installed.
(CPC selection*) ------------------------------------------------------------------ * CPC selection: 0 = no CPC, 1 = Airmodus A2X, 2 = TSI 3772/3776, 3 = TSI 3010/3025. Set the COM ports to correspond the ones shown in the Device Manager. Make sure that the computer uses period as the delimiter (decimal point),...
When software is started it starts the measurement automatically, but does not save data before user decides to do so. NOTE: If you are not using Airmodus CPC, please always use RS232 DB9 cable with your CPC. The software uses serial commands to communicate with the CPCs and not all CPCs create a COM-port via USB.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 27 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Figure 6-3 Before starting tab Go to Before starting tab (Figure 6-3) and check that the CPC and PSM COM ports are the right ones. Check that the calibration file name is correct.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 28 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Figure 6-4 The Diagnostics tab Check that the inlet flow rate of the PSM is about 2.5 lpm and CPC 1 lpm by using a low-pressure drop flow meter. Please note that the PSM uses mass flow controllers to control the flows and the sample temperature and pressure will affect the volumetric flow rate measured from the inlet.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 29 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Wait until all the temperatures have reached their correct settings and the status is green (Figure 6-4) If there is a problem in the data communication with the CPC or the PSM,...
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 30 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 7 Operation and Maintenance NOTE: We recommend the use of an uninterruptible power supply for any measurement systems. 7.1 Working with the nCNC • Different cut-off sizes can be obtained by selecting different saturator flow rates (mixing ratios).
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 31 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 place the CPC on a higher level than the PSM. Clean the tube connecting the PSM to the CPC regularly, and empty the drip bottle before it gets full. Both the tube and the drip bottle can be washed with pure water.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 32 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 scale can be changed between linear or logarithmic scale from MODE screen. The concentration value changes to red if the status of the instrument is not ok. An arrow symbol is displayed in front of the concentration value, if the concentration is higher than 30 000/cc and the Total Scattering Mode correction factor is applied.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 33 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 changed by pressing the upward/downward arrows. Note: changing the temperature settings will affect the cut-off size and performance of the instrument. The calibration and given cut-off size are valid only for the temperature settings indicated in the calibration certificate.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 34 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Butanol is filled automatically, when AUTOFILL option is on. The fill bottle should be attached to the FILL-connector on the front panel. If the instrument is totally dry, it can take up to 30 min until the butanol reservoir is full and the instrument measures correctly.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 35 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Connecting an empty fill bottle to the fill connector and having the autofill on for a minute will help the drying by letting the n-butanol inside the fill line quicker to the drain.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 36 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 after the selected time. To make sure the saturator is full of DEG, the priming function can be repeated once. While priming the fill bottle needs to be connected and full. The priming will temporarily lower the saturator temperature.
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 37 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 • DRAINING: attach the drain bottle to the DRAIN connector. • Press the button “DRAIN” on the Select mode tab of the PSM_A1X software • Connect external vacuum or a pump to the connector on the cap of the drain bottle.
Figure 7-1 The “Select mode” tab, with the liquid operation commands on the right-hand side 7.4 Selecting operation mode The Airmodus A11 can operate in three modes: 1. FIXED FLOW – the instrument has a constant selectable saturator flow rate (cut-off size) 2.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 39 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Figure 7-2 The tab to select different modes in the A1X software. The mode is started when the green button Scan/Step/Fixed is pushed. 7.4.1 Fixed cut-off FIXED FLOW operation: The user can choose a constant flow rate in the range from 0.1 lpm to 1.3...
A yellow status light is displayed when the step is changing. When using Airmodus CPC, the software saves .step file that gives the median concentration of one step discarding the first 10 s of the step. When using other CPCs the user should take care that he / she doesn’t use the data...
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 41 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 When the Step mode start button is pressed, a pop-up window is displayed, to which the user needs to write the selected saturator flow rates (for example: 0.1,0.2,0.5,1.3). The minimum number of steps is 2 and maximum number of steps is 4.
When the PSM is in the stepping mode an additional tab (Step mode, Figure 7-6) is displayed, where the average concentration calculated for each step is shown (ONLY WHEN USED WITH AIRMODUS CPC). The median concentration measured with each corresponding cut-off size is displayed with separate lines.
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Figure 7-7 PSM in scanning mode In scan mode, and additional tab (Data inversion, Figure 7-7) is shown (ONLY WHEN USED WITH AIRMODUS CPC). Here the user can select the saturator flow rates vector (set flow rates for inversion), which determines the limits of the size bins.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 44 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Figure 7-8. Inverted scan data 7.5 Operation environment and safety The nCNC is intended for measuring fine airborne particles (diameter 1- 1000 nm) in the concentration range 0-1e5/cc. It is recommended to use the nCNC in single particle counting mode, i.e.
Do not replace, remove or modify any parts of the nCNC. 7.6 Communication Airmodus A10 PSM and the A20 CPC have a RS-232 serial port and a USB2.0 port for communicating with a standard PC. The user can decide which connection is more suitable for their purpose. We recommend avoiding serial to USB converters in case the PC or laptop is not equipped with an RS-232 port, but to use the USB instead.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 46 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 For a complete list of the commands, see Appendix 3 and 4. 7.7 Data management and saving data The A1X software can be used to display and record data from the PSM and the CPC, change measurement mode and settings, and monitor the instrument status.
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If the error persists, you need to check the operation of the instrument. The CPC status led shows the status value of the CPC. For Airmodus CPC the software will also give the diagnostics and setting values. For TSI CPCs is not supported.
The different values are separated by a comma. Row 1 - header: Instrument serial nr or name from flash, name of calibration file used Next rows – data for Airmodus CPCs: comma separated values in the following order: Column 1 time (dd.mm.yyyy HH:MM:SS)
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 49 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Column 27 CPC optics T (C) Column 28 CPC optics T setpoint (C) Column 29 CPC cabin T (C) Column 30 CPC inlet flow rate (lpm) Column 31 CPC P critical orifice (kPa)
In scanning mode, the concentration calculated for the size bins are saved in the data file called identifier_yyyymmdd.scan Row 1 - header: #A11, instrument serial number or name from flash, name of calibration file used Next rows - data: comma separated values in the following order 1.
Row 1 - header: #A11, instrument serial number or name from flash, name of calibration file used Next rows - data: comma separated values in the following order 1.
Transit cases can be purchased separately from Airmodus. 7.10 Efficiency & Response time The detection efficiency of a CPC is defined as the ratio of the measured concentration and the true concentration.
A20 CPC with a 45cm tubing) is 4.8 s. 7.11 Replacement Parts There are some consumables inside the PSM; these are usually replaced during maintenance by Airmodus. If you have any questions related to the consumables, please contact support@airmodus.com The consumables are e.g.: a fuse, HEPA filters 7.12 Flooding of the Instrument...
Depending on the operating conditions and usage, the instrument may need service more often. For more information on calibrations, and ordering a calibration service, contact Airmodus. We also perform calibrations tailored for your specific needs. 7.14 How to get help / Technical contacts We recommend returning the instrument for calibration and service once per year.
2) Check the message display in the Diagnostics tab to see which error or warning messages the instruments give. 3) If the problem persists contact Airmodus. Problem 2: Software does not read the concentration from the CPC, or the concentration reading is zero.
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 57 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 3) Clean the outlet tube between the PSM and CPC from DEG. 4) Check that all flow rates are reasonable and correct. See problem 5) Contact Airmodus.
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Outlet: 1/4 inch stainless steel tube Airmodus A20: External Vacuum: 1/4 inch stainless steel tube Inlet: 1/4 inch stainless steel tube Software Airmodus A1X software for online data inversion and data acquisition (for Microsoft Windows) Power For both instruments: requirements 100 - 240 VAC max.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 60 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 APPENDIX 2 – PSM Firmware commands Read / system Commands Commands handled in all states :SYST:VER Returns firmware version :SYST:FCTR Restore factory settings :SYST:PRNT Print out all settings currently in use (User settings)
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 62 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 :STAT:ERR:CLR Clear error report (CPU problems etc.) in Flash Error is printed out in a single hexadecimal number. Bits are as follows Error RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE...
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 63 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 ERROR_SELFTEST_PRESSURE_MIX1 ERROR_SELFTEST_PRESSURE_MIX2 ERROR_SELFTEST_TEMP_PREHEATER ERROR_SELFTEST_VOLTAGE_3V3 ERROR_SELFTEST_VOLTAGE_5V ERROR_SELFTEST_VOLTAGE_12V ERROR_SELFTEST_VOLTAGE_REF_NTC ERROR_SELFTEST_VOLTAGE_REF_PRES ERROR_SELFTEST_VOLTAGE_REF_DAC ERROR_SELFTEST_TEMP_INLET ERROR_SELFTEST_DRAIN_LIQUID_SENSOR ERROR_SELFTEST_FAN1 ERROR_SELFTEST_FAN2 ERROR_SELFTEST_FAN3 ERROR_SELFTEST_RTC ERROR_SELFTEST_DAC1 ERROR_SELFTEST_DAC2 ERROR_SELFTEST_TEMP_DRAIN ERROR_SELFTEST_MFC_SATURATOR ERROR_SELFTEST_MFC_EXCESS :STAT:SYST Prints out Status and error bits in hexadecimal format Status is 1 if all OK, 0 otherwise.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 64 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 CODES_STATUS_MIX1_PRESS CODES_STATUS_MIX2_PRESS CODES_STATUS_ABS_PRESS CODES_STATUS_EXCESS_FLOW CODES_STATUS_DRAIN_LEVEL CODES_STATUS_AMBIENT_TEMP CODES_STATUS_DRAIN_TEMP :STAT:NOTE Prints out Note and note bits in hexadecimal format Note is 1 if all OK, 0 otherwise Error...
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 65 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 :SET:TEMP:PRE 40.0 Set Preheater temperature :SET:TEMP:DRN 5.0 Set Drain temperature :SET:VALV:FILL Set normal valve operation. Only allowed in RUN mode. :SET:VALV:DRN Set drain valve operation :SET:VALV:PRIM Start prime valve operation, stops automatically after prime period has finished.
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 66 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Starts measurement automatically. Prints out Saturator average flow, Excess average flow, Gt temp, Sat temp, Inlet temp, Preheater temp, Drain temp, Ambient temp, Inlet pressure, Status and Note once a second.
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 67 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 APPENDIX 3 – Airmodus bCPC Serial Commands, v1.6.0 1. System commands Commands handled in all states :SYST:VER Returns firmware version :SYST:RST Reset system :SYST:SAVE Save system settings...
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 68 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 autofill, drain, scale, water removal; averaging time, condenser temperature, optics temperature, saturator temperature (Offsets) abs pressure, critical pressure, nozzle pressure; amb temperature, con temperature, optics temperature, saturator temperature; dac, slope, voltage...
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 69 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 :STAT:SELF:LOG Get last selftest error report from Flash Error RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE ERROR_SELFTEST_FLASH_ID ERROR_SELFTEST_TEMP_OPTICS ERROR_SELFTEST_TEMP_SATURATOR ERROR_SELFTEST_TEMP_CONDENSER ERROR_SELFTEST_TEMP_BOARD ERROR_SELFTEST_LIQUID_SENSOR ERROR_SELFTEST_PRESSURE_ABS ERROR_SELFTEST_PRESSURE_NOZZLE ERROR_SELFTEST_PRESSURE_CRITICAL ERROR_SELFTEST_DISPLAY ERROR_SELFTEST_VOLTAGE_3V3 ERROR_SELFTEST_VOLTAGE_5V ERROR_SELFTEST_VOLTAGE_12V...
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 70 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 CODES_STATUS_SATURATOR_TEMP CODES_STATUS_CONDENSER_TEMP CODES_STATUS_ABS_PRESS CODES_STATUS_NOZ_PRESS CODES_STATUS_LASER_POWER CODES_STATUS_LIQUID_LEVEL CODES_STATUS_AMBIENT_TEMP CODES_STATUS_CRITICAL_PRESS 3. Settings commands :SET:TEMP:SAT 39.0 Set Saturator temperature :SET:TEMP:CON 15.0 Set Condenser temperature :SET:OPC:THRS 250 Set OPC threshold (1...4096). Set value corresponds roughly to millivolts.
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 71 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 4. Measurement commands :MEAS:OPC Read OPC pulse duration (total dead time during averaging time), number of pulses, concentration, averaging time and DC compensation state :MEAS:LIQ Read liquid level current status value...
AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 72 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 APPENDIX 4 – References Instrument characterization: Vanhanen, J., Mikkilä, J., Lehtipalo, K., Sipilä, M., Manninen, H. E., Siivola, E., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M.: Particle Size Magnifier for Nano-CN Detection, Aerosol Sci.
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 73 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Ahonen, L. R., Kangasluoma, J., Lammi, J., Lehtipalo, K., Hämeri, K., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M. First measurements of the number size distribution of 1 – 2 nm aerosol particles released from manufacturing process in a cleanroom environment.
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Kangasluoma, J., A. Franchin, J. Duplissy, L. Ahonen, F. Korhonen, M. Attoui, J. Mikkilä, K. Lehtipalo, J. Vanhanen, M. Kulmala, and T. Petäjä. Operation of the Airmodus A11 nanoCondensation Nucleus Counter at various inlet pressures, various operation temperatures and design of a new inlet system.
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 75 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/8/8483/2015/doi:10.5194/amtd-8- 8483-2015 Xiao, S. et al Strong atmospheric new particle formation in winter in urban Shanghai, Chin. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1769-1781, 2015. www.atmos- chem-phys.net/15/1769/2015/ doi:10.5194/acp-15-1769-2015 Ehn, M.
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 76 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 on ion generation for CPC detection efficiency studies in sub 3 nm size range. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 5, 556- 563, 2013. Kulmala, M., Kontkanen, J., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H.E., Nieminen, T., Petäjä, T., Sipilä, M., Schobesberger, S., Rantala, P.,...
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AIRMODUS A11 nCNC USER MANUAL Page 77 Ref. A13TD0015 Version 1.94 Document date: 18.08.2017 Berndt, T., Stratmann, F., Sipilä, M., Vanhanen, J., Petäjä, T., Mikkilä, J., Grüner, A., Spindler, G., Mauldin III, R.L., Curtius, J., Kulmala, M., and Heintzenberg, J.: Laboratory study on new particle formation from the reaction OH + SO2: influence of experimental conditions, H2O vapour, NH3 and the amine tert-butylamine on the overall process, Atmos.
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