Sabio 2010D Operation Manual
  1. Manuals
  2. Brands
  3. Sabio Manuals
  4. Test Equipment
  5. 2010D
  6. Operation manual

Sabio 2010D Operation Manual

Gas dilution calibrator
Hide thumbs Also See for 2010D:
Table of Contents

Advertisement

Quick Links

Download this manual
MODEL 2010D
GAS DILUTION CALIBRATOR
OPERATIONS MANUAL
I N S T R U M E N T S

Advertisement

Table of Contents
loading

Related Manuals for Sabio 2010D

Summary of Contents for Sabio 2010D

  • Page 1 MODEL 2010D GAS DILUTION CALIBRATOR OPERATIONS MANUAL I N S T R U M E N T S...
  • Page 2 In no event will Sabio Engineering, Inc. be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defect or omission in this manual, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.

  • Page 4: Table Of Contents

    RS-232 Serial Communications Port 1 ..... 4-9 RS-232 Serial Communications Port 2 ..... 4-10 RS-232 Serial Communications Cable, Model 2010D to PC..4-10 RS-232 Serial Communications Cable, Model 2010D to Modem . 4-11 Status Input/Output Port ........ 4-12 Instrument Audit Analog Input/Output Port ....4-13 Air Source Activation Port ......
  • Page 5 Setting Up the Remote Terminal ......7-6 Setting Up the Command Protocol ......7-7 Configuring the Computer for Terminal Mode....7-9 Operating the Model 2010D Remotely using Terminal Mode..7-11 Disconnecting ........... 7-12 Operating the Model 2010D Remotely using Command Mode..7-13 The Monitor Labs Protocol .......
  • Page 6 Response Structure ........7-18 Commands ..........7-19 Monitor Labs Commands ........7-19 Common Data and Parameter Fields for Commands ... 7-19 Command Summary.......... 7-20 Error Codes ..........7-20 Stop (S) ..........7-21 Purge (P) ..........7-21 Timed Sequence (TS) ........7-23 Manual Sequence (MS)........
  • Page 7 List of Figures Main Menu .......... 2-2 The Model 2010D Front Panel ......3-2 The Main Screen ........3-8 External Keyboard Shortcuts in Terminal Mode ..3-9 Examples of Data Entry Fields ...... 3-13 Rear Panel ......... 4-6 Manual Sequence Selection Menu ..... 5-3 The "Select a Point to Run"...
  • Page 8 External Keyboard Port Connections ....4-9 Communications Port 1 Connections ....4-9 Communications Port 2 Connections ....4-10 Model 2010D to PC Connections ....... 4-11 Model 2010D to Modem Connections ....4-11 Status Input/Output Port Connections ....4-12 Audit Port Connections ......4-13 4-10 Air Source Activation Port Connections .....

  • Page 9: Section 1 Introduction

    Model 2010D both highly practical and easy to operate. Each Model 2010D component was selected or designed with great care to meet Sabio's quality performance standards government environmental agency goals and requirements.
  • Page 10 Model 2010D is designed to be used manually, automatically or semi-automatically by remote control to conduct calibrations. The unit features an optional internal ozone generator.

  • Page 11: Standard Features

     Rack Mount kit  Carrying Handles  Pelican waterproof carrying case with built-in handles The Model 2010D design exceeds the United States EPA calibration method requirements. Dilution components are calibrated with standards and test equipment traceable to the National Institute of...

  • Page 12: Model 2010D Gas Dilution Calibrator Specifications

    Introduction Page 1-4 _________________________________________________________________ Model 2010D Gas Dilution Calibrator Specifications Pneumatics:  Flow accuracy + 1.0% of full scale  Flow repeatability + 0.15% of full scale  Flow linearity + 0.5% of full scale Diluent:  Mass flow controller range 0 - 10 SLPM (Optional 0 - 20 SLPM) ...
  • Page 13 Introduction Page 1-5 _________________________________________________________________ Ozone Generator:  Output range 0.05 - 1.0 PPM at 5 SLPM instrument flow (Optional extended output range 0.05 - 1 PPM at 10 SLPM instrument flow)  Accuracy + 2% of set point or + 3 PPB at 5 SLPM ...
  • Page 14 Introduction Page 1-6 _________________________________________________________________ Operation Modes:  Manually through use of print panel 42-button membrane keypad and display, external user supplied keyboard or optional RS232 or USB ports  Automatically by remote contact closures, internal timer or RS232 or USB ports Electronics: ...
  • Page 15 Introduction Page 1-7 _________________________________________________________________ Miscellaneous:  Temperature 5 - 40 o C  Automatic restart on power up  Warm-Up time less than 30 minutes  Diagnostic routines for system calibration, checkout and leak testing Accessories and Options:  Internal UV Ozone Photometer ...

  • Page 16: Section 2 Getting Started

    AC power outlet. Start-Up On most Models of the 2010D, the power switch is located on the lower right hand corner of the rear panel next to the power cord inlet connector.
  • Page 17 Page 2-2 User Interface After the Model 2010D has finished it's power-up sequence, the screen shown in Figure 2-1 will be displayed on the 2010D's front The operation of the Model 2010D is similar to operation panel. of many popular Windows applications.

  • Page 18: Initial Configuration Of The Model 2010D

    Set the Model 2010D's time and date to local time as described in the Subsection "Setting the Time and Date" in Section 6. Select the source gas and diluent gas.

  • Page 19: System Operations

    This section presents general information about the operation of the Model 2010D Calibration System. Front Panel Guide The Model 2010D front panel consists of a twenty-five line by eighty character electroluminescent or color display, an optional power switch and forty two buttons for system operation. A drawing of the 2010D's front panel is shown in Figure 3-1.

  • Page 20: The Model 2010D Front Panel

    System Operations Page 3-2 Figure 3-1 The Model 2010D Front Panel...
  • Page 21 System Operations Page 3-3 Button Description Function Buttons: Function button usage varies F1 - F7 2010D somewhat throughout Model software application. The most common usage follows. Their active usage is given on the bottom status line of the application. Generally...
  • Page 22 Description Special Function Buttons: In most instances the standby button is Standby (Home) used to bring the user back to the main 2010D menu place Model standby mode to await further commands. The sun button is used to illuminate the...
  • Page 23 System Operations Page 3-5 This button is used to output the current Report (F12) screen contents to a printer attached to the parallel printer port. This button serves as an "Escape" key, End Sequence (Esc) backing out of edit screens and menus. When in standby mode, it is also terminates calibration sequences that are under way.
  • Page 24 System Operations Page 3-6 This is the space character button. Space This button is used to register field Enter edits, select a menu item and move to the next or previous menu level. The large Enter registers actuation by pressing the left or right side of the button.
  • Page 25 The following special keys are normally used only at the factory for testing purposes. Improper use of these functions or leaving the 2010D is a test mode could result in a malfunction of the unit. ALT-Q Quick mode. This special test mode is used for testing sequence timing.

  • Page 26: Main Screen Layout

    (escape) button is used to exit or abort the current operation or to back up through the menus. If an external keyboard is used or if the 2010D is being operated remotely using terminal mode, a quicker way of selecting menu items is available.

  • Page 27: External Keyboard Shortcuts In Terminal Mode

    For example, by entering "SE" on an external keyboard, the Sequence Edit screen will be selected. When operating the 2010D via a serial port in terminal mode, the shortcut keys are indicated as a different color, as shown in the figure below.

  • Page 28: Main Menu Topics

    System Operations Page 3-10 If the ALT key is pressed on the front panel, an "ALT" indicator will be shown on the status line. Pressing buttons on the front panel while in ALT mode causes the alternate key definitions (indicated to the upper left of the key) to be selected.
  • Page 29 Most menu selections result in a screen being activated. Several types of screens may be displayed while operating the 2010D: If an error occurs while operating the 2010D, an Error Popup Error Popup containing the error message will be displayed.

  • Page 30: Edit Screens

    Page 3-12 Sometimes, when a critical operation is performed, Confirmation the 2010D will pop up a box asking if the user Popup really wants to do that. For example, when the End Sequence button is pressed after something has been...

  • Page 31: Examples Of Data Entry Fields

    System Operations Page 3-13 may be used to move to the next field. After entering the appropriate information, the Enter button can be pressed or the cursor moved to another field in order to confirm the change. If inappropriate information is entered into the field, an Error Popup will be presented when an attempt is made to confirm the change.
  • Page 32 System Operations Page 3-14 overwrite/insert state, determining whether the entered text will overwrite or be inserted into existing text. Integer Edit Field The Integer Edit Field allows whole numbers to be entered. Number Edit Field The Number Edit Field allows floating-point numbers with decimal points to be entered.
  • Page 33 System Operations Page 3-15 Radio Buttons allow an item to be selected from a list of options. Radio buttons are presented in groups of two or more; each group being considered as a single field. The arrow keys may be used to move between the radio buttons and the Enter or Space button used to select it.

  • Page 34: Installation

    This section describes the initial installation of the Model 2010D and presents considerations for improving the quality of calibrations. Placement The Model 2010D may be mounted in a 19 inch equipment rack or set on a laboratory counter top or other bench. Use extreme care in its placement.

  • Page 35: Source Gas Cylinder Selection

    When choosing source gas cylinder concentrations keep in mind the following:  The standard Model 2010D flow controller ranges are a 0 - 100 cc/min for the source gas flow controller and a 0 - 10,000 cc/min for the diluent gas flow controller.
  • Page 36 Installation Page 4-15 100 cc/min Minimum Dilution Ratio = ---------------------------- 100 cc/min + 3,900 cc/min = 2.5 * 10 -2 or 40:1 Note: Diluent Flow = 4,000 cc/min - 100 cc/min = 3,900 cc/min 5 cc/min Maximum Dilution Ratio = ----------------------- 5 cc/min + 10,000 cc/min = 5.00 * 10 -4 or 2,001:1 Note: Diluent Flow is maximum and Source Flow is...

  • Page 37: Section 4 Installation

    Consult your permeation tube manufacturer for specifics on tube compatibilities. The calculations for a Model 2010D equipped with a 10,000 cc/min diluent flow controller, a Model 2010D Permeation Oven with a 94 cc/min source flow and a minimum of 2,000 cc/min instrument flow...
  • Page 38 10.738 PPM / 21.28 = 504.61 PPB From the above calculation, a good choice would be for the Model 2010D Permeation Oven to generate a gas concentration of 9 PPM to ensure that the 100 PPB point can be generated.
  • Page 39 Installation Page 4-6 High Point = 9 PPM * 4.7 * 10 -2 = 423 PPB To calculate the permeation rate in ng/min for an SO 2 permeation tube, perform the following calculations: 94 * 9 Permeation Rate, P = -- = ------ 0.382 = 2,214.7 ng/min...

  • Page 40: Diluent Selection

    Source 4 and optionally Source 5 through Source 6 Gas Input Ports.  An optional Model 2010D or Model 2500 Permeation Oven may be connected to the optional External Perm. Input Port.  The air diluent should be connected to the Diluent 1 Input Port.

  • Page 41: Dilution Calibrator Pneumatic Connections

    Installation Page 4-8 Dilution Calibrator Pneumatic Connections A rear panel drawing of the Model 2010D Dilution Calibrator is shown in Figure 4-1. Teflon or stainless steel tubing should be used for pneumatic connections. Teflon tubing is preferred for Ozone analyzer connections.

  • Page 42: Rear Panel

    Installation Page 4-15 Figure 4-1 Rear Panel...

  • Page 43: Power

    The standard operating voltage for the Model 2010D calibrators is 96 - 264 VAC at a frequency of 50/60 Hz. The power consumption for the Model 2010D is approximately 150 - 300 VA. Ensure that the power source is rated properly. An adequate earth ground must be available through the AC power plug to ensure safe operation of the unit and to prevent electrical shock hazard.

  • Page 44: Parallel Printer Port Connections

    Installation Page 4-15 Table 4-2 Parallel Printer Port Connections 2010D J1 SIGNAL SIGNATURE __________ _________________ J1-1 STROBE J1-2 DATA BIT 1 J1-3 DATA BIT 2 J1-4 DATA BIT 3 J1-5 DATA BIT 4 J1-6 DATA BIT 5 J1-7 DATA BIT 6...

  • Page 45: Keyboard Port

    The cable should be equipped with a 9 pin female D connector on one end and an appropriate connector on the other end. The COM1 connector J3 on the rear panel of the Model 2010D is a male type DB-9 connector.

  • Page 46: Serial Communications Port 2

    The cable should be equipped with a 9 pin female D connector on one end and an appropriate connector on the other end. The COM2 connector J4 on the rear panel of the Model 2010D is a male type DB-9 connector.

  • Page 47: Rs-232 Serial Communications Cable, Model 2010D To Modem

    <---------- RING INDICATOR RS-232 Serial Communications Cable, Model 2010D to Modem A modem cable is required when connecting the Model 2010D to a modem for downloading software updates, remote control or other applications. The cable should be equipped with a 9 pin female D...

  • Page 48: Status Input/Output Port

    20 ma. The signatures and connections are shown in Table 4-8, below. See Figure 4-1 for pictorial drawing of the rear panel. The Status Input/Output connector J6 on the rear panel of the Model 2010D is a female type DB-50 connector.
  • Page 49 Installation Page 4-16 Table 4-8 Status Input / Output Port Connections 2010D J6 SIGNAL SIGNATURE __________ _________________ J6-1 STATUS I/O BIT 1 J6-2 DIGITAL GROUND J6-3 STATUS I/O BIT 2 J6-4 DIGITAL GROUND J6-5 STATUS I/O BIT 3 J6-6 DIGITAL GROUND...

  • Page 50: Instrument Audit Analog Input/Output Port

    Installation Page 4-15 J6-34 DIGITAL GROUND J6-35 STATUS I/O BIT 18 J6-36 DIGITAL GROUND J6-37 STATUS I/O BIT 19 J6-38 DIGITAL GROUND J6-39 STATUS I/O BIT 20 J6-40 DIGITAL GROUND J6-41 STATUS I/O BIT 21 J6-42 DIGITAL GROUND J6-43 STATUS I/O BIT 22 J6-44 DIGITAL GROUND J6-45...

  • Page 51: Air Source Activation Port

    A custom cable may need to be fabricated for other Compressed Air Sources. The cable for activating a Model 1001 should be equipped with a 9 pin male D connector for the Model 2010D end and a 9 pin female D connector for the Model 1001 end.

  • Page 52: Air Source Activation Port Connections

    The diode anode should be connected to J8-6. The Air Source Control connector J8 on the rear panel of the Model 2010D is a female type DB-9 connector. Table 4-10 Air Source Activation Port Connections 2010D J8 SIGNAL SIGNATURE...
  • Page 53 The 2010D allows the scaling and averaging of each analog output to be independently set from the Photometer Parameters screen, as described beginning on Page 9-12. Instrument Solenoid Connections...
  • Page 54 Although each output can power solenoid valves requiring up to 9 Watts of power, only a total of 9 Watts may be supplied from the 2010D's power supply at any one time. Ordinarily, since only one or two Instrument Solenoids will be active at a time, this is sufficient.
  • Page 55 J11 is located on the option module's rear panel (see Figure 4-1), which may also support other connectors related Photometer Instrument Solenoid options. Table 4-13 External Permeation Oven Connections 2010D J11 SIGNAL SIGNATURE _______ _________________ J10-1 J10-2 J10-3 J10-4 J10-5...
  • Page 56 Installation Page 4-15 The Ethernet / Internet Port If the Network Interface Card is installed, the Model 2010D can This allows the 2010D to be connected to an Ethernet network. be remotely accessed or controlled via the Internet or an office network.

  • Page 57: Operation

    This section introduces the customer to the use and day-to-day operation of the Model 2010D. The operations described here assume that the 2010D has already been configured for a specific application as described in Section 6. Performing Automatic Calibrations Upon power-up, the Model 2010D is placed in a "Standby" mode,...

  • Page 58: Calibrating Multiple Analyzers In One Calibration

    Model 2010D has the capability to calculate span concentrations for each gas in the blend. For example, three instruments may be calibrated simultaneously with a gas blend containing SO 2 , NO, and CO.

  • Page 59: Predefined Operator Stepped Manual Calibration

    Operation Page 5-3 Predefined Operator Stepped Manual Calibration To perform a manual calibration using predefined or programmed sequences, perform the following steps: From the Main Menu screen, select Sequences and press the Enter button. A pop-up menu will appear. Select Run, and press the Enter button. Another pop-up menu will appear that allows the choice of which type of manual calibration you wish to use.

  • Page 60: The "Select A Point To Run" Screen

    Operation Page 5-4 Figure 5-2 The "Select a Point to Run" Screen Select a calibration point to run by entering a number corresponding to the desired calibration point and then press the Enter button. The selected sequence point will be started and a status screen will appear (see Figure 5- The type of the status screen that appears will depend upon which type of sequence is started.

  • Page 61: Timer Stepped Manual Calibration

    The status line near the bottom of the screen will indicate which sequence and point is active. At this time the 2010D's timer will be in control of the calibration process and will step through each calibration The 2010D will hold each point for point in the sequence.

  • Page 62: Viewing Calibration Status

    Operation Page 5-6 Viewing Calibration Status Pressing Status button external keyboard) or selecting "Status" from the main menu will cause a status screen displayed. status screen also displayed automatically when a manual calibration is started. The status screen presents information about the calibration in progress, such as the control and monitor values of the flow controllers, temperature controllers and ozone generator, the states of the solenoid valves and calculated values such as...

  • Page 63: The Dilution Status Screen

    Operation Page 5-7 Figure 5-5 The Dilution Status Screen Figure 5-6 The Ozone Status Screen...

  • Page 64: Performing Manual Calibrations Using The Status Screen

    Before performing calibrations using debug mode, it is important that user good understanding pneumatic operation of the 2010D and the purposes of it's various flow controllers and solenoid valves. In this mode, it is entirely up to the user to manually activate the appropriate solenoid valves, flows...
  • Page 65 Operation Page 5-9 Calculate the source and diluent flow rates as follows: Desired Concentration = 500 PPB Source Concentration = 50,000 PPB Total Flow = 5.000 SLPM (5000 SCCM) Ozone Flow = 100 SCCM Then: Desired Concentration X Total Flow Source Flow = ---------------------------------- Source Concentration...

  • Page 66: Viewing Diagnostic Information

    Select Yes and press the Enter button to stop everything and return to a quiescent state. Viewing Diagnostic Information Occasionally, it is necessary to directly view the 2010D's analog or digital inputs or outputs. The "Diag" (Diagnostics) menu is provided for this purpose.

  • Page 67: The Analog Input Screen

    Operation Page 5-11 The Analog Input Screen The Analog Input screen shown in Figure 5-8 allows each of the 24 analog inputs to be viewed in either engineering or voltage units. All available inputs are shown in this screen even though some are only applicable when the corresponding options (e.g.

  • Page 68: The Analog Output Screen

    Operation Page 5-12 The Analog Ouput Screen The Analog Output screen, shown in Figure 5-9, not only allows each of the 20 analog outputs to be viewed, but also allows the current settings changed. with Analog Input Screen, the values can be displayed in either engineering or voltage units.

  • Page 69: The User Digital I/O Bits Diagnostic Screen

    I/O bit is active; either because the 2010D has activated it or because it has been activated externally. In the bottom right corner, the 24 I/O bits are presented as two groups of 1's and 0's, where "1" corresponds to the active state.
  • Page 70 Operation Page 5-14 while the "In" group represent the status inputs that are read back. The two groups allow the user to determine if a bit is active due to internal or external control. When an output is activated, the bit in the "Out" group will indicate "1"...

  • Page 71: Model 2010D Calibration Setup

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-1 Section 6 Model 2010D Calibration Setup Before the Model 2010D can perform gas dilutions or calibrations, certain application-specific information must be entered. following steps describe the basic set up operations that must be performed before using the 2010D for calibrations:...

  • Page 72: Set Up Gases

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-2 Set Up Gases The Model 2010D is delivered from the factory with a Gas Table that contains names, chemical symbols, flow correction factors and molar constants for commonly used gases. Ordinarily, it is not necessary to modify this table, however if a gas that will be used for calibrations is not included in the table, it will be necessary to add it.

  • Page 73: Set Up Gas Standards

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-3 Select Gas Table and press the Enter button. Select Delete and press the Enter button. The pop-up screen Delete Gas Table Entry will appear. By pressing Enter, a drop-down list of the gases in the Gas Table will appear.

  • Page 74: Diluent And Source Port Assignments

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-4 Select a gas for the first component by positioning the cursor over Component field pressing Enter. Select a gas name and symbol from the drop-down list and press Enter to proceed to the concentration field.

  • Page 75: Edit Port Assignments Screen

    Select Edit and press the Enter button. The Edit Port Assignments screen shown in Figure 6-3 will appear. This screen lists diluent ports source ports installed in the unit (the standard 2010D has one diluent three source ports). each port, drop-down selection available selecting Standard that is to be associated with that port.

  • Page 76: Introduction To Initializing Calibration Sequences

    Sequences may be controlled externally, internally or may be used when performing manual calibrations. The calibration sequences are stored in non-volatile memory for usage at a later time. The Model 2010D supports four types of calibration sequences. These sequences are: metered quantity source...
  • Page 77 Activation", which external device initiates a calibration sequence, but the 2010D then takes over and steps through each calibration point. There are 8 standard User Digital I/O Bits available, expandable to 24 with the expanded IO option. These bits can be assigned...

  • Page 78: Defining Calibration Sequences

    Choices are Gas Dilution, Ozone, Phase Titration Multi-gas Sequence. If the 2010D includes a Permeation Oven option, a Permeation choice will also be available. Select your choice and press the Enter button. This moves you to the area called Running Order.
  • Page 79 Gas Standard as described on page 6-3. For Dilution and GPT sequence types, you will be moved to a field that allows you to select a source mass flow controller that best suits the gas you are diluting (the standard 2010D only source...
  • Page 80 Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-10 [11] Enter the conditioning time needed, in minutes. This is the amount of time you want the calibrator to begin blending and/or producing span gas or zero air before activating the Instrument Solenoid controlling device calibrating.

  • Page 81: Setting Up Sequence Points For Single-Gas Sequences

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-11 Setting up Sequence Points for Single-Gas Sequences (Pages 2 and 3) following paragraphs continuation steps describing how to set up page 1 of a sequence in the section "...
  • Page 82 Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-12 Defining Calibration Sequences" beginning on page 6-8 and ending on page 6-10. The steps that follow assume the user has not chosen "Multi-gas Sequence" as the sequence type. [14] After pressing the F5 key to move to Page 2 of the Sequence setup, the screen shown in Figure 6-5 will appear.
  • Page 83 Note that, regardless of the allowable range for primary gas and ozone concentrations, zero (0) may be entered. If zero is entered for the primary gas concentration, the 2010D will automatically turn off all source inlet valves to assure that this is truly a "Zero" point.
  • Page 84 Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-14 [18] Repeat steps 15 through 17 until each calibration point for this sequence has been entered. If there more than 10 points in this sequence, press F5 after you have entered the first 10 points.

  • Page 85: Setting Up Sequence Points For Multi-Gas Sequences

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-15 Setting up Sequence Points for Multi-gas Sequences (Pages 2 - 5) Unlike other sequence types, Multi-gas sequences don't assume that each point is of the same type and gas source. Consequently, certain information that is entered on the first page and is common to all points for single-gas sequences is entered for each point of a Multi-gas sequence.
  • Page 86 Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-16 Defining Calibration Sequences" beginning on page 6-8 and ending on page 6-10. The steps that follow assume the user has chosen "Multi-gas Sequence" as the sequence type. [14] After pressing the F5 key on page 1 to move to Page 2 of a Multi-gas sequence, the setup screen shown in Figure 6-6 will appear.
  • Page 87 (0) may be entered. zero is entered for the primary gas concentration (or if "<Zero>" is selected as the Gas Source), the 2010D will automatically turn off all source inlet valves to assure that this is truly a "Zero" point.
  • Page 88 Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-18 [20] Repeat steps 15 through 19 until all calibration points for this sequence have been defined or until all 10 points on the page have been entered. When page 2 is completed, press F5 to proceed to page 3.

  • Page 89: New Sequence Screen (Multi-Gas

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-19 [21] Figure 6-7 shows page 3 of a multi-gas sequence. Pages 3 and 5 contain only two editable fields for each point; the Gas Names and the Primary and Ozone concentrations are presented only for reference.
  • Page 90 Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-20 [23] Repeat steps 21 and 22 until all the Instrument Solenoids Point Status Outputs have been each calibration point or until all 10 points on the page have been entered. there more than points...

  • Page 91: Auto Calibration Set-Up

    Scheduled sequences are configured under the Schedule area of the Sequences menu as described on page 6-21. For Scheduled sequences, the 2010D timer is used to initiate a sequence at a particular time and date. The sequence is then automatically...

  • Page 92: Scheduling Automatic Calibrations

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-22 Scheduling Automatic Calibrations To set-up the Model 2010D for Scheduled Auto Calibration, perform the following steps: Configure calibration sequences as described in the section titled "...

  • Page 93: The Edit Sequence Schedules Screen

    Note: All sequences that have been initialized in the 2010D will be listed in the Edit Sequence Schedules Screen under the Sequence Name. Place an X in the Enabled area of the screen to activate the scheduling for that sequence.

  • Page 94: Digital I/O Group Set-Up

    5 Volts. When the 2010D or an external controlling device activates a bit, as indicated by a "1", the pin will be pulled low; close to 0 Volts. There five "Digital...
  • Page 95 "1" (to un-assign a bit, press "0"). This bit pattern information should be used when mapping the input connections to connector pins or wires when installing the Model 2010D as described in Section 4, Installation.

  • Page 96: The Edit Digital I/O Group Assignments Screen

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-26 The Digital I/O Groups may be set up by the following procedure: Select Sequences under the main menu and press the Enter button. A pop-up menu will appear. Select Remote Activation from the menu.

  • Page 97: Assigning Sequence Start Patterns

    If you wish to discard the new initialization, arrow to the "N" and press the Enter button. Assigning Sequence Start Patterns Any of the 20 possible sequences may be activated when the Model 2010D is configured for Remote Sequence Activation. 2010D To set-up the Model...

  • Page 98: Sequence Start Remote Activation Patterns Screen

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-28 Defining Calibration Sequences", on page 6-8. Select Sequences under the main menu and press the Enter button. A pop-up menu will appear. Select Remote Activation from the menu. A pop-up menu will appear. Select Sequence Start and press the Enter button.

  • Page 99: Assigning Point Start Patterns

    Any points in any of the 20 possible sequences may be activated by 2010D means User Digital Bits when Model configured for Remote Point Activation. To set-up the Model 2010D for Remote Point Activation, perform the following steps: Configure calibration sequences as described in the section titled "...
  • Page 100 Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-30 Defining Calibration Sequences", on page 6-8. order remotely activate point, sequence containing the point must have a unique Sequence Start Pattern assigned to it. The Sequence Start Pattern is used in conjunction with the Point Start Pattern to uniquely identify a point to activate.

  • Page 101: Setting The Time And Date

    Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-31 Each of the 20 possible points are shown on the screen. Arrow down to the point whose Point Start Pattern you wish to set up. Enter the unique bit pattern that will be used to activate this point by entering 1's or 0's.
  • Page 102 Model 2010D Calibration Setup Page 6-32 Upon completion, press the End Sequence button. You will be prompted to save the information or not. The cursor will be on the "Y" for saving. Press the Enter button and the initialization will be saved.

  • Page 103: Section 7 Serial Communications

    The remote terminal feature allows a user to remotely interact with the 2010D. While in this "terminal mode", the user can view an exact image of the 2010D's display on a remote terminal screen and access any function that is available on the unit’s front panel.

  • Page 104: Prerequisites

    DIP switches.  An RS-232 cable will be needed to connect the Model 2010D to the computer or modem. The type of cable used will depend on whether a computer or modem is to be attached.

  • Page 105: Configuring The Modem

    Page 7-3 _________________________________________________________________ Configuring the Modem Before connecting the Model 2010D to a modem, the modem must be configured to answer the phone and act as a "dumb" modem. the modem has DIP switches, this can usually be done by setting the switches appropriately.

  • Page 106: Setting Up The Com Ports

    The modem's instruction manual should be referred to for more detailed information. Setting Up the Com Ports The Model 2010D can be configured for remote communications by selecting "Port Setup" under the "Comm" menu and then selecting either Com1 or Com2.
  • Page 107 Serial Communications Page 7-5 _________________________________________________________________ from the "System" menu. photometer option installed, Real-Time Logs checking this box will enable a log of data relevant photometer's ozone measurements transmitted from serial port. The baud rate must be set to a value that Baud Rate matches baud...

  • Page 108: Setting Up The Remote Terminal

    "Remote Terminal" under the "Comm" menu ( Figure 7-2 ): Figure 7-2 Remote Terminal Setup Screen that Remote Session Time-out This selects time period Model 2010D allows after the last keyboard before terminating activity remote session disconnecting. When session is terminated, the DTR line will...

  • Page 109: Setting Up The Command Protocol

    The Command Mode screen allows the protocol to be customized to a certain extent. Following are descriptions of the items found on this screen: Model 2010D Address The calibrator address must be assigned a value between 0 and 255. The calibrator...
  • Page 110 Serial Communications Page 7-8 _________________________________________________________________ Though the 2010D's serial RS-232 ports do Multi-drop Mode not normally support multi-drop operation, with external hardware, they can be made enable transmitter only when 2010D's command with address is recognized. multi-drop mode selected, the 2010D will activate the DTR...
  • Page 111 The following items can be configured in Procomm for DOS by entering the Line/Port Setup screen with the ALT-P command: Select comm port (usually COM1 Comm Port COM2) to which the Model 2010D or modem is attached.
  • Page 112 (no parity, 8 data bits and one stop bit). These are also the defaults for the Model 2010D. In addition, the following items should be confirmed or set-up. This should be set to ANSI. In Procomm,...

  • Page 113: Operating The Model 2010D Remotely Using Terminal Mode

    Sabio Model 2010D Dilution Calibrator Remote Access Press any key to continue ... Simply pressing a key will log into the Model 2010D and an exact image of the Model 2010D's front panel display will be presented on the remote computer's screen.
  • Page 114 Back up one menu Purge level. Purge the inlet. Toggles ALT mode. Note: that the ALT key on the front panel has a different function from the computer's ALT key. The Model 2010D's ALT key enables disables mode, which...

  • Page 115: Operating The Model 2010D Remotely Using Command Mode

    Serial Communications Page 7-13 _________________________________________________________________ Operating the Model 2010D Remotely using Command Mode 2010D currently Model supports several communications protocols: Monitor Labs (ML), Commands Modbus. Commands were used by Monitor Labs for interconnecting their line of gas analyzers. It is a simple ASCII protocol that is easy implement.

  • Page 116: Number Representation (Floating Point)

    2010D's screen at the time. Digital Word Representation The group commands that accept or return groups of digital data in the Monitor Labs protocol represent the state of each digital I/O bit as an ASCII one or zero, where a one indicates and on or active condition.

  • Page 117: Command Structure

    <STX> character (02 hex) as a start of command and <ETX> character (03 hex) as an end of command character. These characters may be included, but will be ignored by the 2010D. Command Words Command words...

  • Page 118: Calibrator Address

    2010D, error checking can be added to both commands and responses. The data verification field consists of between two and four characters, depending...
  • Page 119 CRC, provides more secure form error checking. method data verification is chosen, the Model 2010D will calculate using CCITT method, which uses following polynomial: (With a starting value set to 0).

  • Page 120: Response Structure

    Serial Communications Page 7-18 _________________________________________________________________ Response Structure Any time a command is sent with an address recognized by an instrument network, addressed instrument should return a response. The exact response will depend upon whether the command is to return data or not and if errors are detected in the command.

  • Page 121: Commands

    (for a limited number of re-tries). Commands The following pages list the commands available to the Model 2010D and their implementation. Following the command list, a description of each command is presented with the formats of the command.

  • Page 122: Command Summary

    {seq name},{point} Timed Sequence {seq name},{point} Manual Sequence {status types} Get Status Error Codes If error responses are enabled, the Model 2010D may return the following error response codes: Undefined Command The command was not recognized. Check Sum Error checksum calculated 2010D did not match the checksum in the command.

  • Page 123: Stop (S)

    If a source valve is active when the purge command is sent, the 2010D will purge calibration gas through the manifold; otherwise, the gas manifold will simply be opened to atmosphere for the purge duration. Command Format Command @ P , {AAA} [CHK]<CR>...

  • Page 124: Timed Sequence (Ts)

    Serial Communications Page 7-22 _________________________________________________________________ Timed Sequence (TS) This command causes a timed sequence to be initiated. sequence to be started is identified by the {seq name} field, which is the ASCII sequence name. The point at which to start the sequence can optionally be entered in the {point} field.

  • Page 125: Manual Sequence (Ms)

    Serial Communications Page 7-23 _________________________________________________________________ continue from that point. If no sequence is active, the command will be ignored. @ TS , {AAA} [CHK]<CR> If a sequence is already active, the sequence will advance to the next point and the timed sequence will continue from that point (if it is the last point, the sequence will be terminated).

  • Page 126: Get Status (Gs)

    The Get Status command returns current status information about the Model 2010D. The status generally corresponds to information that is presented on the 2010D's status screens. The response will depend on the {status types} field, which is a list of from one to five characters that select the categories of status information that should be returned.
  • Page 127 Serial Communications Page 7-25 _________________________________________________________________ The status selection characters can be strung together in the {status types} field in any order. The respective categories of data will be returned in the order in which these characters appear in the command. If a category of status information is requested that pertains to an option that has not been enabled, that information will be omitted from the returned data.
  • Page 128 Serial Communications Page 7-26 _________________________________________________________________ Where: {dilution status} = {dil mfc ctl}, {dil mfc mon}, {o3 mfc ctl}, {o3 mfc mon}, {src mfc #}, {src mfc ctl}, {src mfc mon},{sys temp}, DDDDDDDDDD, SSSSSS {ozone status} {o3 temp ctl}, {o3 temp mon}, {o3 lamp ctl}, {o3 lamp curr}, {o3 lamp int}, {o3 conc ctl}, {o3 conc mon} {perm status}...
  • Page 129 Serial Communications Page 7-27 _________________________________________________________________ Source 1 Valve Source 2 Valve Source 3 Valve Source 4 Valve Source 5 Valve Source 6 Valve Purge Valve Output Valve SSSSSS The states of the instument solenoids. Each character is a 0 or 1, where 1 indicates that the corresponding instrument solenoid output is active.
  • Page 130 Serial Communications Page 7-28 _________________________________________________________________ {perm temp ctl} The perm oven temperature setpoint (°C) {perm temp mon} The measured perm oven temperature (°C) MMMM The states of the perm oven pump and solenoid valves. From left to right, these bits correspond to the following solenoid valves: Perm Vent Valve Perm Source Valve...
  • Page 131 Registers contain numeric values, such as flows, pressures or concentrations. More information about the Modbus protocol can be found at www.modbus.org. Sabio’s implementation of Modbus Maps the coils and registers for compatibility with the API calibrator. Other mappings are available upon request.
  • Page 132 Serial Communications Page 7-30 _________________________________________________________________ Modbus Coil Registers, Read/Write Register Address Signal Description 0-99 Start Sequence or indicate activity Activate a Purge or indicate purge active Stop all cals or indicate inactivity 200-224 Set or read digital IOs Modbus Holding Registers of Floating Point Values (Even Addresses: High word, Odd Addresses: Low Word) Register Address...
  • Page 133 The Model 2010D can be accessed and controlled remotely via customer supplied software using any of the supplied protocols. In addition, Sabio offers “SabioComm”, a software package that allows a user to connect to the 2010D from a remote location and operate the calibrator or retrieve data.

  • Page 134: Section 8 Internal Calibrations

    Whichever technique is used, it is essential that all devices be calibrated in order to establish the correspondence between the 2010D's control and monitor voltages and the actual flow rate or ozone concentration.
  • Page 135 Internal Calibrations Page 8-2 Calibration Data Two basic types of data may contain the information necessary to calibrate a device: 2 order polynomial coefficients and/or a lookup table. This data may then be used to produce equations characterizing device using four linearization methods.
  • Page 136 Internal Calibrations Page 8-3 Linearization Methods There are four linearization methods, independently selectable each calibrated device. method used particular device may be specified in the Device Parameters screen, which can be selected from the device’s calibration menu. linearization methods available described below.

  • Page 137: Comparison Of Linearization Methods

    Internal Calibrations Page 8-4 Comparison of Different Curve Fit Techniques on Ozone Data (Non-linearity is exaggerated for clarity) Lookup Table Linear Fit Polynomial Fit Spline Fit Voltage Figure 8-1 Comparison of Linearization Methods...

  • Page 138: Viewing Calibration Data

    Internal Calibrations Page 8-5 Calibration Menu For each device that can be calibrated, a selection is available under the Devices menu. Selecting the calibration item for a device pops up its Calibration Menu. Figure 8-2 Calibration Menu Viewing Calibration Data Selecting View from the calibration menu will allow the most recently entered calibration data to be viewed.

  • Page 139: Manually Entering A Calibration Table

    = 0 Where Max Flow = Full scale flow of the MFC in SCCM Note that, although the 2010D allows the units of measure to be selected in most screens, all calibration coefficients are based on units of SCCM for flows and PPB for ozone.
  • Page 140 Internal Calibrations Page 8-7 The columns of data entered into this screen are: This column of numbers represents the Control control voltage mass flow controller. This column represents voltage Monitor output of the mass flow controller when stabilized after control voltage has been applied.

  • Page 141: Performing An Interactive Calibration

    This voltage is entered by the user for each setpoint and causes the voltage to be generated by the 2010D for the device being calibrated. This column displays measured Monitor voltage output from the device.

  • Page 142: Editing Calibration Data

    Internal Calibrations Page 8-9 The flow column represents the actual Flow flow or ozone concentration produced by the device for each control voltage. Editing Calibration Data Selecting Edit from calibration menu allows either polynomial coefficients or a lookup table to be edited. As with View, the type of data that can be edited depends upon how the data was entered;...

  • Page 143: Interactively Calibrating Mass Flow Controllers

    If power is not applied to the 2010D, apply power to it and the mass flow standard and allow at least 30 minutes for everything to warm up and stabilize. The 2010D's pneumatic system must be free of leaks before performing flow calibrations;...
  • Page 144 The screen shown in Figure 8-5 should appear. Enter the first control voltage in the left-most column. The 2010D will apply this voltage to the control input of the mass flow controller, causing a flow corresponding to that voltage to be produced.

  • Page 145: Interactively Calibrating The Ozone Generator

    25-30 PSIG. Cap all unused 2010D outlet ports, except one for a vent and one which should be connected to the inlet of the ozone standard. The last port in the flow path, the outlet labeled "Vent", should be vented to atmospheric pressure.

  • Page 146: Interactive Ozone Calibration

    Ideally, this flow rate would be the same total flow that is typically used during ozone and After pressing F3 (or TAB), the 2010D GPT calibrations. will activate the diluent and ozone MFCs to produce the commanded total flow.
  • Page 147 [10] Enter the first control voltage in the left-most column. The 2010D will apply this voltage to the UV Power Supply which drives the ozone lamp, causing ozone to be produced.
  • Page 148 Internal Calibrations Page 8-15 [14] Press the ESC key. A dialog box will appear, asking if you want to calculate the coefficients. Answering "yes" will cause the calibration coefficients to be calculated. If the spline linearization method is used, no coefficients will be displayed, but the linear correlation coefficient will be calculated.
  • Page 149 Internal Calibrations Page 8-16 Viewing Previous Calibrations When an internal calibration is performed and saved, it is saved dynamic parameters file also appended calibration history file for that device on the internal SD Card. The text file will contain a history of all internal calibrations for each MFC, the ozone generator and the photometer in a tabular format that can be read by any text editor or imported into Excel.
  • Page 150 Internal Calibrations Page 8-17 These calibration files may be copied to a PC for review by removing the SD Card and inserting it into a laptop or computer with an SD Card reader. Since they are text files, they can be viewed text editor,...

  • Page 151: Section 9 Internal Uv Ozone Photometer

    Ozone Photometer. When Photometer option is installed in a Model 2010D it can be used to audit ozone calibrations, precisely control the 2010D's internal ozone generator or it may be used independently, as a stand-alone ozone analyzer. Description The Model 2010D UV Photometer option consists of a module that is installed in the 2010D's option bay.
  • Page 152 Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-2 the tube determines the ozone concentration according to the following equation: Equation 9-1            Ozone PPB       Where:  = Absorption Coefficient of ozone at 254nm and with the sample gas at 0°C and 760 mmHg = 308 L = Optical Path Length = 31.6 cm...

  • Page 153: Installation

    Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-3 Installation When a Model 2010D is ordered with the Photometer option, the Photometer module delivered pre-installed 2010D's option bay. All pneumatic connections to the Photometer are external, allowing the user to make the choice of where to monitor the ozone.
  • Page 154 Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-4 Analog Outputs The Model 2010D Photometer supports four analog outputs, each with a selectable range of 0-1V, 0-5V or 0-10V. The outputs are provided on a 9-pin female connector labeled “J9 Photometer IO” (see Figure 9-1).

  • Page 155: Operation

    Range --------------------------------- 0-10V 0-5V 0-1V Operation There are three basic modes of operation for the Model 2010D's UV Ozone Photometer. These are: In Audit Mode, the Photometer is used to Audit Mode measure the ozone output of the Model 2010D and serves as an independent audit device.

  • Page 156: The Ozone Status Screen

    2010D's Photometer. Unless Continuous Mode is selected (in which case the Photometer is always active), the 2010D will automatically activate the Photometer any time that an ozone point or sequence begins. Photometer...
  • Page 157 This is a unit-less number, between 0 Lamp Current that proportional current applied to and measured from the Photometer's UV lamp. This is the voltage that is presented Detector Voltage 2010D's converter after signal conditioning detector's output. voltage displayed...

  • Page 158: The Photometer Diagnostic Screen, General

    An "X" indicates that the valve or pump is active. Another valuable source of information about the current status of the 2010D's Photometer is the Photometer Diagnostics screen, which may be selected from the "Diag" menu. Figure 9- shows the "General"...
  • Page 159 Audit 1 input, which is found on Audit connector pins J7-6(+) and J7-19(-). A complete wiring list of the Audit connector can be found in the 2010D Installation section manual. This is the filtered input to the PID PID In control loop processor.

  • Page 160: The Photometer Diagnostic Screen, Detailed

    Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-10 "Detailed" Photometer diagnostics presents more detailed information about the photometer. Rather than updating each photometer cycle, it presents new information each half-cycle, allowing the reference and sample data to be observed. Figure 9- shows an example of the Detailed Photometer Diagnostics screen. Figure 9-5 The Photometer Diagnostics Screen, Detailed Many items found in the detailed screen are the same as the general screen, however there are a few additional items.

  • Page 161: Setup Options

    Photometer's temperature sensor. This is the temperature of the heated Lamp Temperature (°C) Photometer lamp block. Setup Options The Model 2010D's photometer is adjusted, calibrated and all parameters pre-set optimal operation standard configuration prior to delivery to the customer.

  • Page 162: Photometer Parameters

    Photometer Continuous Monitor will remain active continuously while power is applied to the 2010D. The Photometer is normally operated with Temp. / Pressure Correction temperature/pressure correction enabled, however under certain circumstances, such...
  • Page 163 Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-13 Below the Operating Modes section are the Operating Constants, which govern the operation of the photometer and should not normally changed. Following descriptions these parameters: The Sample Hold time is the number of Sample Hold seconds allow after...
  • Page 164 Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-14 A rolling average is optionally applied Rolling Average to the calculated ozone concentration in order to reduce the variability that is intrinsic in this type of measurement. The Rolling Average parameter determines how many photometer cycles are included in this average.

  • Page 165: Photometer Parameters

    Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-15 The second page of the Photometer Parameters, shown in Figure 9- contains scaling factors for the various sensors associated with the photometer. For each sensor, there is a sensor equation (and a control equation for the Lamp Temperature) that allows the sensor to be calibrated precisely by setting the three polynomial coefficients.
  • Page 166 Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-16 sample flow sensor provides Sample Flow indication flow through photometer. Note the high value of the coefficient, which indicates that, before it is processed by the 2 order polynomial, the flow sensor's signal is very non-linear.

  • Page 167: Photometer Parameters, Page 3 Of 3

    Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-17 Figure 9-8 Photometer Parameters, Page 3 of 3 --- CAUTION --- Making changes these parameters could cause ozone generator operate improperly or even to oscillate wildly when the ozone servo mode is selected. Be sure to record the original factory settings before attempting changes.
  • Page 168 Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-18 The Derivative constant is multiplied by Derivative Term Constant the integral term of the PID equation. derivative term represents current rate-of-change error. The derivative term is normally small or zero. The PID Filter smoothes the Photometer's PID Filter measurements prior to the PID equation.

  • Page 169: Photometer Calibration

    Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-19 Photometer Calibration Photometer calibrated against external ozone standard selecting "Ozone Photometer" then "Ozone Calibration" from the "Devices" menu. As can be seen in the Figures, below, the photometer calibration operates in a fashion almost identical to the calibration of the ozone generator. Figure 9-9 Photometer, Edit Calibration Table Figure 9-10 Photometer, Interactive Calibration...
  • Page 170 Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-20 For more details on performing internal calibrations with the 2010D, refer to Section 8, "Internal Calibrations". Though the Photometer calibration very similar other internal calibrations, there are a few differences and considerations that should be addressed: ...

  • Page 171: Ozone Servo Control Adjustments

    Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-21 Ozone Servo Control Adjustments When Ozone Servo Control selected Photometer Parameters screen, the Model 2010D utilizes PID control in order control ozone generator based Photometer's measurements. ozone servo control loop adjusted "tuned" factory optimum...
  • Page 172 Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-22  For the standard configuration, initially tune the servo loop using the 2010D's "Fake Hardware" mode. In this mode, all analog and digital I/O is replaced by simulated hardware. particular, care has been taken to make the photometer...

  • Page 173: Routine Maintenance

    Calibration In order to ensure the accuracy of the 2010D's Photometer, it should be calibrated periodically by comparing it to an ozone reference standard. This will only ensure that Photometer's measurements are accurate, but will also point out when there is a problem and maintenance is needed.

  • Page 174: Leak Check

    The following procedure may be followed to test the Photometer sample path for leaks: With the Model 2010D powered off and disconnected from power, remove the cover from the unit and put it aside. Using a 9/16” wrench, disconnect the hose connected to the fitting labeled Vacuum Source as shown on Figure 9-9.

  • Page 175: Photometer Flow Check/Adjustment

    With the Model 2010D powered off and disconnected from power, remove the cover from the unit and put it aside.

  • Page 176: Photometer, Flow Check / Adjustment

    Internal UV Ozone Photometer Page 9-26 Connect a flow standard to the output of the regulator. The flow standard must be capable of reading at least 1.4 Liters or 1400 SCCM. Refer to Figure 9-10 for details. Apply 35 PSI of zero air to the port labeled “AIR IN” on the rear panel of the photometer.
  • Page 177 MODEL 2010D GAS DILUTION CALIBRATOR SCHEMATICS...
  • Page 179 WARRANTY ________________________________________________________________ Sabio Instruments, Inc. warrants that its products will be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for the current established warranty period of twelve months for the Model 2010D. Sabio Instruments obligation under...
  • Page 180 RETURNING A PRODUCT FOR REPAIRS Upon determining that repair services are required, the customer must: Obtain (Return Material Authorization) from Sabio Instruments, Inc., 512/869-0544. If the request is for an out of warranty repair, a purchase order or other acceptable information must supplied customer.
  • Page 181 Write the RMA number on the outside of the shipping container. products under warranty customer must pay shipping to Sabio Instruments, Inc. Sabio Instruments, Inc. will pay for return shipping customer ground transportation. NOTE: PRODUCTS RETURNED TO SABIO INSTRUMENTS, INC. FREIGHT COLLECT OR WITHOUT AN RMA NUMBER CANNOT BE ACCEPTED AND WILL BE RETURNED FREIGHT COLLECT.
  • Page 182 INSTRUMENTS 2548 Shell Road, Units A-D, Georgetown, Texas 78628 •Phone 512-869-0544Fax 512-869-0993• sales@sabio.com...

Table of Contents