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Fluke Ti30 User Manual

Thermal imager
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Ti30
Thermal Imager
User's Manual
PN 08100-3
January 2005, Rev C
©2005 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved.
All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.

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Summary of Contents for Fluke Ti30

  • Page 1 Ti30 Thermal Imager User’s Manual PN 08100-3 January 2005, Rev C ©2005 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved. All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    CONTENTS Introduction........................7 Quick Specifications Table ..................... 8 Chapter 1 Unpacking Your New Imager ........... 9 First, the Batteries ......................10 Charging the Rechargeable Battery Pack ..............12 Normal Charge Cycle ....................12 Chapter 2 Getting Started................14 Attaching the Wrist Strap....................14 Turning the Unit On......................
  • Page 3 Field USB Port......................55 Looking at Your Downloaded Images................55 Chapter 4 Obtaining the Best Image ............57 The Importance of Focusing ..................57 Selecting the Color Palette.................... 58 Selecting the Measurement Mode................. 58 Gain and Level Thumbwheels .................. 61 Chapter 5 Qualitative and Quantitative Temperature Measurements 62 Distance to Target (Spot) Ratio ..................
  • Page 4 Appendix B – Infrared Theory Q&A............92 Glossary ....................... 96 Jan 31st, 2005 - 4 -...

  • Page 5: Warranty Information

    Warranty Information LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY This Fluke product will be free from defects in material and workmanship for one year from the date of purchase. This warranty does not cover fuses, disposable batteries, or damage from accident, neglect, misuse, alteration, contamination, or abnormal conditions of operation or handling.
  • Page 6 United States Export Control Regulations Destination Control Statement The Fluke Ti30 Thermal Imager contains an amorphous silicon infrared detector, which is controlled for export by the United States government. Diversion of this product to locations outside the US without an export license from the US government is prohibited.

  • Page 7: Introduction

    Introduction The Fluke Ti30 imager is a state-of-the-art, lightweight, pistol-grip style thermal imaging unit that lets you obtain instant and accurate thermal images and radiometric readings at a remote distance from your target. Ergonomically designed for either left or right-handed use, the Ti30 imager captures thermal images and data with a simple click of the trigger.

  • Page 8: Quick Specifications Table

    Quick Specifications Table Thermal Measurement Range 0 to 250°C (32 to 482°F) Accuracy ±2% or ±2°C, whichever is greater Repeatability ±1% or ±1°C, whichever is greater NETD 200 mK Temperature Indication Resolution 0.1 (°F or °C) Spectral Range 7-14 microns Target Sighting Single Laser Dot (Meets lEC Class 2 &...

  • Page 9: Chapter 1 Unpacking Your New Imager

    Chapter 1 Unpacking Your New Imager Begin by opening the shipping box. Be sure to save the box and shipping materials in the event you need to ship the imager. In the shipping box, you will find a hard carrying case, containing the following items: •...

  • Page 10: First, The Batteries

    First, the Batteries The battery compartment is located in the handle of the unit. The unit is shipped with an empty battery pack for non-rechargeable batteries installed in the battery compartment. Battery Lock Tab Remove the empty battery pack from the battery compartment. The battery pack can be removed by sliding the lock tab towards the trigger.
  • Page 11 At this point, you have two options: insert six new AA batteries into the empty non- rechargeable batteries pack or replace it with the supplied rechargeable battery pack. You will notice the difference between the two battery packs as shown in Figure 2 below: Non-rechargeable battery pack Rechargeable battery pack (batteries not included)

  • Page 12: Charging The Rechargeable Battery Pack

    Charging the Rechargeable Battery Pack Docking Station Connect the docking station to a power outlet using the supplied universal power adapter. Be sure to use the plug adapter that fits your local electrical standards. Connect the power jack of the power adaptor to the DC power inlet located on the docking station.
  • Page 13 A charge cycle takes a rechargeable battery pack from whatever level of charge it presently has and brings it to a fully charged condition. The charger will not over-charge a battery pack no matter how many times the button is pushed. lig ht Restart / Sync button GREEN...

  • Page 14: Chapter 2 Getting Started

    Chapter 2 Getting Started Your Ti30 imager has settings and capabilities that let you customize its operation for the task at hand. The following section describes each setting on the imager. Attaching the Wrist Strap Your Ti30 imager comes with a wrist strap, which can be attached by clipping the metal part of the strap to the small metal bar at the base of the imager (see Figure 5 below).

  • Page 15: Turning The Unit On

    Turning the Unit On Power is switched on or off by opening or closing the lens door. Sliding down the lens door turns the imager on (see Figure 6 below). Slide the door up to turn off the imager. Closed (Unit Off) Open (Unit On)
  • Page 16 • Unit Serial Number • Date and Time (configured by the user through the software) • Tag name is the name of the user-defined folder from which data was uploaded through the software. Useful tag names are department names or an area associated with the unit.
  • Page 17 Target Temperature Temperature scale Emissivity value Location name LCD backlight icon Palette icon Mode icon Figure 8. Normal Mode Take time to experiment with the imager and become familiar with how the thermal image is updated on the display as you aim the imager at different targets with different thermal patterns.

  • Page 18: Settings And Controls

    Settings and Controls Keypad Three buttons located below the LCD screen allow you to select operation modes and change parameter values. These buttons are the MODE button, the Up button, and the Down button. The Up and Down buttons are used mostly to increment and decrement parameter values.
  • Page 19 A hinged door on the top surface of the Ti30 imager hides five switches that allow you to change the basic imager settings. Open the hinged door by lifting it up. Push buttons Pull door up to (toggle) show control switches 3-position Switches...

  • Page 20: Laser On/Off Toggle Button

    The illustration below shows the top view of the switch bay without the door. There is an icon printed near each switch and switch position indicating their function. These functions are explained in the next paragraphs. Laser ON/OFF Centigrade / Fahrenheit selection LCD backlight selection Palette selection...
  • Page 21 Laser Aperture Optical Channel Figure 12. Laser Aperture and Optical Channel The laser is only a sighting aid. It is not required to take measurements. The laser is Note: not coaxial with the infrared channel, thus the laser dot is offset from the center of the thermal image (the reticle or crosshatch at the center of the display).

  • Page 22: Centigrade/Fahrenheit Toggle Button

    Centigrade/Fahrenheit Toggle Button Centigrade/Fahrenheit button toggles the displayed temperature data in either Centigrade or Fahrenheit temperature scales. The factory default is Centigrade. LCD Backlight Illumination Switch LCD Backlight Illumination switch provides three backlight illumination levels as shown below. Medium Full Full brightness is recommended for indoor use;...

  • Page 23: Gain And Level Thumbwheels

    There are three measurement mode positions associated with this switch: Automatic Semi Automatic Manual Automatic mode the Ti30 imager automatically adjusts the image to show the lowest temperature value present in the thermal scene (MIN) and the highest temperature value in the scene (MAX). Semi-Automatic mode the Ti30 imager keeps calculating the MIN limit (lowest temperature value on the thermal scene) automatically.

  • Page 24: Focus Wheel

    Focus Wheel The Focus Wheel is located on the bottom of the imager’s housing in front of the trigger as shown in Figure 14. Adjust the focus by turning the Focus Wheel with your fingers or thumb. Focus Wheel Figure 14. Location of the Focus Wheel See The Importance of Focusing on page 57 for more details.

  • Page 25: Man Machine Interface Flow Charts

    Man Machine Interface Flow Charts Main Loop Jan 31st, 2005 - 25 -...

  • Page 26: Image Recording Procedure

    Image Recording Procedure Emissivity Adjustment Procedure Jan 31st, 2005 - 26 -...

  • Page 27: Reflected Temperature Compensation Adjustment Procedure

    Reflected Temperature Compensation Adjustment Procedure Recall Images Procedure Jan 31st, 2005 - 27 -...

  • Page 28: Quick Image Fix Procedure

    Quick Image Fix Procedure Array Recalibration Procedure Recording an Image Recording images with the Ti30 imager is simple. Repeat the steps below and record as many images you want until you get familiar with the process. • First, note the number of the current image location. At this point, if you have not stored any images, the location number should be set at 1 (default) and the location descriptor will be blank.

  • Page 29: Retrieving An Image

    To erase an image, just store a new image over the one you wish to delete. To do Note: this, go to Recall Images Procedure, press the Down or Up buttons to find the image location number you wish to delete, press Mode button or trigger to get back to measurement mode, and pull trigger again to save a new image in that location.

  • Page 30: Chapter 3 Downloading And Looking At Images Using Insideir V2.0 Software

    Chapter 3 Downloading and Looking at Images Using InsideIR v2.0 Software This chapter begins with the InsideIR software installation. Prior to installing the software however, please take a moment to verify that your computer meets the minimum requirements shown below: ®...

  • Page 31: Installing The Software

    Installing the Software Before installing the software, make sure you have the version of Internet Explorer 5.01 or later appropriate to the language/culture settings of the operating system installed on your computer. If you have exited your Interactive User's Manual, relaunch it by putting the User's Manual CD back in your CD-ROM drive.
  • Page 32 Figure 18. Will configure Microsoft®.NET Framework Figure 19. License Agreement for Microsoft®.NET Framework 1.1 Jan 31st, 2005 - 32 -...
  • Page 33 Figure 20. Installing Microsoft®.NET Framework 1.1 (Microsoft interface) Figure 21. Installation of Microsoft®.NET Framework 1.1 complete Jan 31st, 2005 - 33 -...
  • Page 34 Figure 22. Installation of Microsoft® Visual J# Redistributable Package 1.1 Figure 23. License Agreement for Microsoft® Visual J# Redistri. Package 1.1 Jan 31st, 2005 - 34 -...
  • Page 35 Figure 24. Developer Agreement for Microsoft® Visual J# Redistri. Package 1.1 Figure 25. Installing Microsoft® Visual J# Redistri. Package 1.1 Jan 31st, 2005 - 35 -...
  • Page 36 Figure 26. Installation of Microsoft® Visual J# Redistri. Package 1.1 complete Figure 27. Installing InsideIR after installing required components. Jan 31st, 2005 - 36 -...
  • Page 37 Figure 28. License Agreement for InsideIR. Figure 29. Customer information, enter your User Name and Company Name Jan 31st, 2005 - 37 -...
  • Page 38 Figure 30. Choose Destination Location Figure 31. Configuring and Installing InsideIR Jan 31st, 2005 - 38 -...

  • Page 39: Connecting The Docking Station To Your Computer

    Product registration is very important since it allows you to get free software updates from Fluke and helps us provide you with the fastest and most efficient technical support. An icon for the InsideIR application is created and added to your folder during software installation.

  • Page 40: Hooking Up The Docking Station

    Hooking Up the Docking Station • Connect the power adapter plug into the Docking Station’s power jack. • Connect the power plug to a power outlet. (Depending on the power requirements in your country you may need to use one of the several adapters provided that matches the power plug to the local power outlet.) Figure 33.
  • Page 41 USB DRIVER – INSTALLING IRIMAGER.INF AND IRIMAGER .SYS The proper USB drivers must be installed in order for the software to communicate with the imager. The appropriate drivers were copied into the C:\Driver directory during the software installation, but won't be installed until the unit is connected to your computer for the first time and the installation wizard is run.
  • Page 42 Figure 36. You will then be prompted for the irimager.sys file located on C:\Drivers. Click “Browse” and select C:\Drivers\irimager.sys file and click “Open”. Figure 37. The Found New Hardware Wizard now confirms that it has installed the driver. Click “Finish”. Jan 31st, 2005 - 42 -...
  • Page 43 WINDOWS 2000 USERS Figure 38. When asked What do you want the wizard to do?, select "Search for a suitable driver for my device" and click "Next". Figure 39. You will then be prompted for the irimager.sys file located on C:\Drivers.
  • Page 44 Figure 40. The Found New Hardware Wizard now confirms that it has installed the driver. Click “Finish”. Jan 31st, 2005 - 44 -...
  • Page 45 WINDOWS 98 SE USERS Figure 41. New hardware is detected, and the Add New Hardware Wizard is displayed. Click "Next". Figure 42. When “asked What do you want Windows to do?”, select "Search for the best driver for your device" and click "Next". Jan 31st, 2005 - 45 -...
  • Page 46 Figure 43. The Add New Hardware Wizard tells you it will search for new drivers, and asks which location(s) you’d like to search. Make sure that only the “Specify a location” box is checked, and click “Next”. You will then need to browse to the appropriate file (C:\Drivers).
  • Page 47 Figure 45. Installation Complete. You are now ready to launch the InsideIR application. Go to your computer desktop and double-click on the InsideIR program icon to launch it. The following screen will appear: Jan 31st, 2005 - 47 -...
  • Page 48 Figure 46. InsideIR Splash Screen The screen appears momentarily and then the following screen appears: Figure 47. InsideIR Main Screen at Program Launch If you wish to view the sample images now, click the plus sign to the right of the Samples folder to open it.

  • Page 49: Downloading Images

    Figure 48. InsideIR Main Screen With Session Open Downloading Images You are now ready to download the images you recorded in your Ti30 imager. Locate the SYNC button in the docking station. Press the SYNC button once to begin the download process.
  • Page 50 Once all data are downloaded, the information is saved into a temporary area where you may inspect the data before saving it to the disk. The following dialog window appears (images and data are for example only): Figure 50. Download Data Screen You can browse through the images by clicking and dragging the horizontal and vertical scroll bars.

  • Page 51: Saving Images

    You cannot delete individual images at this stage. You must decide whether to save the entire collection or not. Click Save Data to save it. By clicking Cancel, the data is not saved to the disk. The following window appears when images are saved, signaling a successful operation: Click on OK.

  • Page 52: Setting The Imager Clock

    Figure 51. Contents of Images Folder Your newly recorded images appear as thumbnails as they are downloaded into the program. Each set of images is in a fixed order starting from Image 1 to 100 (or however many images you have saved). Use the scroll bars to browse through the thumbnail images. Setting the Imager Clock It is very important to set the Imager Clock in your Ti30 imager because it records a time / date stamp with each stored image.
  • Page 53 The imager’s internal clock can only be set or changed from the computer. You cannot set or adjust it on the imager. It is very important to have the internal clock set to your local time / date, since your inspections will be tracked based on time / date information. To set the time: 1.
  • Page 54 • Click on the side arrow buttons to change the current year / month • Click to select the day of the month. The following windows appears: • To set the current time, click on the hour and min (minute) boxes to enter time information.

  • Page 55: Field Usb Port

    Field USB Port In the event you need to download your images to a computer without the docking station, you may use the USB field cable included with your Ti30 imager. Connect the cable to the Field USB port, under the display. (See Figure 52) Once the cable is connected, follow all steps previously described.
  • Page 56 Figure 53. Viewing Thumbnail Images You can view a larger version of a single image by clicking on the thumbnail of the image you wish to view. When viewing a single image, you may move to the next or the previous image by clicking on the Previous Image or Next Image button on the left side of the screen (see Figure 54 below).

  • Page 57: Chapter 4 Obtaining The Best Image

    Chapter 4 Obtaining the Best Image The Importance of Focusing The focusing ability of the imager is similar to the one found on regular photographic cameras, and it is defined as the ability to adjust the optical system to capture the highest amount of infrared energy from the target, thus allowing the sharpest thermal image of the Properly focusing the unit is of paramount importance for target to be displayed.

  • Page 58: Selecting The Color Palette

    When focusing an image, look for identifiable patterns or shapes on the object Tip: surface that can help establishing the best image definition. Objects contours, Proper focusing is not only dividing lines or limits are particularly useful. important to the image quality, but also greatly affects the accuracy of temperature measurements.
  • Page 59 value in the scene (MAX). The MIN and MAX values are displayed at the beginning and at the end of color scale. This mode does not require any other adjustment (other than properly focusing the unit). Automatic mode is recommended every time the user first starts looking at a given target since the temperature limits are unknown.
  • Page 60 Graphically, it would look like this: The imager automatically calculates Level and Gain when switched from Automatic to Manual or Semi Automatic modes, thus providing a smooth and meaningful transition of the thermal boundaries of the scene. Once initially set by the Ti30 imager, Gain and Level can then be adjusted by the user in order to accommodate their specific requirements.

  • Page 61: Gain And Level Thumbwheels

    Max − all times; Once Gain has been initially set as Gain = , the user can then change Gain manually. Manual mode the user can adjust Gain and Level manually. Use this measurement mode when you need more freedom to define Level and Gain values. This mode provides the flexibility to bring both MIN and MAX values to the desired cut-off levels and to adjust the temperature interval to a minimum, thus maximizing color resolution.

  • Page 62: Chapter 5 Qualitative And Quantitative Temperature Measurements

    Chapter 5 Qualitative and Quantitative Temperature Measurements Most of the time thermal imager users are measuring apparent temperatures that are inextricably linked to qualitative inspections. Qualitative inspections focus on temperature differences as opposed to actual temperatures. The reason is that temperature differences are sufficient to indicate most abnormalities in electrical and mechanical equipment.

  • Page 63: D:s Ratio: D / S = 90

    D:S ratio: D / S = 90 The number “90” means that at a distance D equal to 1 meter the unit will measure a circle of diameter S equal to 1.1cm (1 meter divided by 90); at distance D equal to 2 meters it will measure a circle with diameter S equal to 2.2cm and so on in a linear progression.

  • Page 64: Environmental Conditions

    Figure 57. Field of View When accuracy is critical it is best to build in a factor of safety and make sure that Tip: the target is at least twice as large as the spot size. Environmental Conditions Watch for environmental conditions in the working area. Steam, dust, smoke, etc., can prevent accurate measurement by obstructing the path between the target and the unit's optics.

  • Page 65: Emissivity

    Emissivity Emissivity is the measure of an object's ability to emit infrared energy. Emitted infrared energy is exponentially proportional to the temperature of the object. Emissivity can have a value from 0 (shiny mirror, perfect reflector) to 1.0 (blackbody, perfect emitter). Most organic, painted, or oxidized surfaces have emissivity values close to 0.95.
  • Page 66 other heat sources) have a temperature much higher than that of the target. In these situations it is necessary to compensate for the reflected energy from those objects. The Reflected Temperature Compensation (RTC) feature is disabled if the Note: emissivity is set to 1.00. To set or change the RTC feature, complete the following steps: 1.

  • Page 67: Chapter 6 Organizing Your Data

    Chapter 6 Organizing Your Data The Ti30 imager when used together with the InsideIR software provides a powerful way to organize and track maintenance data. Different groups of equipment can be inspected and data specific to different plant areas or departments can be individually named, saved, stored and retrieved in a straightforward fashion.

  • Page 68: Uploading Data To The Imager

    Figure 59. Organizing Your Files Uploading Data to the Imager Click the Upload a Session to Imager button on the InsideIR main screen to upload data to the Ti30 imager. This displays the following screen: Jan 31st, 2005 - 68 -...
  • Page 69 Select the folder and session you want to upload and press Next. Figure 60. Uploading Data to Your Ti30 Imager If you wish to change parameters for different locations such as location name, emissivity, reflected temperature compensation, low and high alarms, and comments, you can do so by right-clicking the thumbnail of the image you wish to edit, clicking Edit data in the pop-up menu, and changing the desired field(s).
  • Page 70 Jan 31st, 2005 - 70 -...
  • Page 71 Figure 61. Editing Data Before Upload Checking the Lock Emissivity or Lock Reflected Temperature Compensation will Note prevent the operator of the imager from changing these values in the field. Pressing the mode button on the imager from the Measurement mode will go immediately to stored images in the imager (skipping emissivity and RTC modes completely).
  • Page 72 spot exceeds (is higher than the high alarm limit or lower than the low alarm limit) the limits set, the temperature display on the instrument will appear in BOLD RED letters. To upload the data to the imager, press Upload. The imager will begin to load data. Once the data is loaded, you are ready to perform your inspections.

  • Page 73: Chapter 7 Analyzing Your Data

    Chapter 7 Analyzing Your Data There are many ways to analyze your thermal data now that you have it downloaded and organized. After clicking on a thumbnail in the Main InsideIR screen, the data for that specific thermal image is displayed in one of four tabs: Image, Temperature Table, Profile, and Histogram.
  • Page 74 Restore Original Image: This button restores the original image, removing any temperature, date/time information from the image (with the exception of the temperature grid which must be turned off to disappear). The limit bar underneath the image shows the temperature range your Ti30 imager is capable of measuring.

  • Page 75: Isotherms

    Figure 63. Sample Image After Increasing Scale Limits Isotherms As indicated in the section above, the limit bar indicates the temperature range your Ti30 imager is capable of measuring. However, when the Isotherm radio button is selected, the red portion of the bar indicates the temperature range that will be “highlighted” in red in the thermal scene.

  • Page 76: Additional Image Analysis Tools

    Figure 64. Sample Image at Original Isotherm Setting Additional Image Analysis Tools Finally, you can further analyze the image under different Emissivity and Reflected Temperature conditions by changing those values on the left side of the screen. This does not affect the emissivity value of the original image. You can also change the name of the image and add comments in the image view tab.

  • Page 77: The Temperature Table Tab

    Once you have reviewed the image data at this level, you can proceed to other views of the data. The Temperature Table Tab Clicking on the Temperature Table tab reveals a pixel view of all the data in the image (120 rows x 160 columns or 19,200 pixels.

  • Page 78: The Histogram Tab

    Click on any portion of the thermal image on the top for the exact temperature reading at that spot. As you do this, you will see that the graph below changes, reflecting the new x and y axes as you move around the image. Under the Data Analysis menu, selecting Temperature Profiles will offer two options.

  • Page 79: The Menu Bar

    To view a subset of the data, you may select Limits on the Data Analysis > Histogram > Limits menu, and enter the specific maximum and minimum temperatures for the data you are interested in graphing. Figure 67. The Histogram Tab – Changing the Histogram Limits If you wish to use the chart or chart data in another program, you may select Copy on the Data Analysis >...

  • Page 80: File

    File Create a New Folder Creates a new folder, naming it according to the date and time. The name is highlighted and editable, so you may rename it according to your own naming conventions. You will not see the new folder unless you are in Session View, with the tree Note: structure found on the left side of the screen.

  • Page 81: View

    View Image View From session view, selecting a thumbnail image and choosing image view takes you to the image view screen for the selected image. Temperature Table View From session view, selecting a thumbnail image and choosing temperature table view takes you to the temperature table for the selected image.

  • Page 82: Data Analysis

    Data Analysis The Data Analysis menu items are only active when in the corresponding View. Note: Image Export Image Allows you to save an image for use with another application in any of the following file formats: • .bmp • .jpg •...
  • Page 83 Saves the chart to your Windows clipboard, and can then be pasted into Word or Excel, using either the Paste or Paste Special command. Pixel Data Displays temperature values as number of representative pixels in the thermal scene. Percentage Data Displays temperature values as a percentage of the all temperature values captured in a given thermal scene.

  • Page 84: Report

    Report Create Report Generates a report form, pre-populating data fields with captured data from the given location. See Reporting Your Findings below for additional reporting details. Help Contents Displays complete contents of this users manual. About InsideIR Displays copyright information and software version number. Language Allows you to select your language preference from English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, Russian, Italian or Swedish.
  • Page 85 Clear all text fields button at the top of the report. By default, a Fluke logo appears in the logo field in the upper right hand corner of the report. If you would prefer to place your own logo in this space, simply select the Delete Logo button and then select the Insert Logo button and browse for the graphic file containing your desired logo.
  • Page 86 Jan 31st, 2005 - 86 -...

  • Page 87: Appendix A - Technical Reference

    Appendix A - Technical Reference Imager Accuracy Chart The following graph shows the measurement accuracy for a typical instrument over the measurement range of 0 – 250ºC. The heavy lines show the specified accuracy. SOURCE TEMPERATURE [C] Specification Measured Data Jan 31st, 2005 - 87 -...

  • Page 88: Imager Reading Error Vs Source D:s

    Imager Reading Error vs Source D:S The following example uses the above Typical Reading Error vs. Source D/S graph: A 5" diameter source (Size = 5) at a Distance of 50" has D/S = 50/5 = 10. According to the above graph the imager would read less than 1% low in temperature (as shown by the dashed line) for this size target.
  • Page 89 Table 1. Emissivity Values for Metals Material Emissivity 1.0µm 1.6µm 8-14µm Aluminum Unoxidized 0.1-0.2 0.02-0.2 n.r. Oxidized 0.2-0.4 Alloy A3003, Oxidized n.r. Roughened 0.2-0.8 0.2-0.6 0.1-0.3 Polished 0.1-0.2 0.02-0.1 n.r. Brass Polished 0.8-0.95 0.01-0.05 n.r. Burnished n.r. n.r. Oxidized Chromium n.r.
  • Page 90 Material Emissivity 1.0µm 1.6µm 8-14µm Oxidized 0.5-0.9 0.4-0.9 0.2-0.6 Unoxidized 0.25-0.35 0.1-0.35 Monel (Ni-Cu) 0.2-0.6 0.1-0.14 Nickel Oxidized 0.8-0.9 0.4-0.7 0.2-0.5 Electrolytic 0.2-0.4 0.1-0.3 n.r. Platinum Black n.r. 0.95 Silver n.r. 0.02 n.r. Steel Cold-Rolled 0.8-0.9 0.8-0.9 0.7-0.9 Ground Sheet n.r.
  • Page 91 Material Emissivity 1.0µm 1.6µm 8-14µm “Gob” n.r. n.r. Gravel n.r. 0.95 0.95 Gypsum n.r. 0.4-0.97 0.8-0.95 n.r. — 0.98 Limestone n.r. 0.4-0.98 Paint (non-Al.) — 0.9-0.95 0.9-0.95 Paper (any color) n.r. 0.95 0.95 Plastic (opaque, over 20 mils) n.r. 0.95 0.95 Rubber n.r.
  • Page 92 Appendix B – Infrared Theory Q&A Q. Why use noncontact infrared thermometers? A. Noncontact infrared (IR) thermometers use infrared technology to quickly and conveniently measure the surface temperature of objects. They provide fast temperature readings without physically touching the object. The temperature is shown on the LCD display.
  • Page 93 Q. How to assure accurate temperature measurement? A. A solid understanding of infrared technology and its principles lies behind accurate temperature measurement. When the temperature is measured by a non- contact device the IR energy emitted from the measured object passes through the optical system of the thermometer or thermal imager and is converted to an electrical signal at the detector.
  • Page 94 temperature of a shiny object you can compensate by covering the surface to be measured with masking tape or flat black paint. Allow time for the tape or paint to reach the same temperature as the material underneath. Measure the temperature of the taped or painted surface.
  • Page 95 4. Food Service & Safety: Scan holding, serving, and storage temperatures. 5. Process Control & Monitoring: check process temperature of steel, glass, plastics, cement, paper, food & beverage. For additional information on applications for non-contact IR thermometers visit our website at www.fluke.com/thermography. Jan 31st, 2005 - 95 -...
  • Page 96 Glossary Absolute Zero The temperature (0 Kelvin) of an object defined by the theoretical condition where the object has zero energy. Accuracy Maximum deviation, expressed in temperature units, or as a percentage of the temperature reading, or as a percentage of the full scale temperature value, or as a percentage of the target temperature, indicating the difference between a temperature reading given by an instrument under ideal operating conditions, and the temperature of a calibration source (per the ASTM standard test method E 1256-88).
  • Page 97 Background Temperature Temperature behind and surrounding the target, as viewed from the instrument. Blackbody A perfect emitter; an object that absorbs all the radiant energy incident on it at all wavelengths and reflects and transmits none. A surface with emissivity of unity (1.00). °C (Celsius) Temperature scale based on 0°...
  • Page 98 Display Resolution The level of precision to which a temperature value can be displayed, usually expressed in degrees or tenths of degrees. Drift The change in instrument indication over a long period of time, not caused by external influences on the device (per the ASTM standard test method E 1256-88). Electro-Magnetic Compatibility is the resistance to electrical signal disturbances within IR thermometers.
  • Page 99 Focus Point (or Distance) The distance from the instrument where the optical resolution is greatest. Full Scale The maximum of the temperature range or output signal. Full Scale Accuracy A convention for expressing the accuracy as percentage of an instrument’s (highest) full- scale temperature.
  • Page 100 Low Alarm. Units with this feature can sound an alarm when they sense that a user-defined low temperature has been reached. Laser Single or dual lasers are used in some units for aiming and/or locating the optimum temperature measurement point. Location.
  • Page 101 Non-Gray Body A radiating object that is partly transparent to infrared (transmits infrared energy at certain wavelengths); also called Colored Bodies. Glass and plastic films are examples of non-gray bodies. Optical Pyrometer A system that, by comparing a source whose temperature is to be measured to a standardized source of illumination (usually com-pared to the human eye), determines the temperature of the former source.
  • Page 102 95 percent of full scale temperature indication (per the ASTM standard test method E 1256-88). The specification for Fluke instruments also includes the average time required for software computations. Scatter See Size of Source Effect.
  • Page 103 Spectral Response The wavelength region in which the IR Thermometer is sensitive. Spot The diameter of the area on the target where the temperature determination is made. The spot is defined by the circular aperture at the target that allows typically 90% of the IR energy to be collected by the instrument, as compared with the 100% spot diameter which is defined by the IR energy collected from a very large target.
  • Page 104 Temperature Resolution The minimum simulated or actual change in target temperature that gives a usable change in output and/or indication (per the ASTM standard test method E 1256-88). Thermal Shock A short-term error in accuracy caused by a transient ambient temperature change. The instrument recovers from its accuracy error when it comes back into equilibrium with the new ambient conditions.

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