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RAM Allocation with Microsoft Windows XP and HP Commercial Desktops Introduction ............2 Why the 4-GB limit? .
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Introduction This white paper discusses the limitation of RAM allocation using a 32-bit operating system such as Microsoft Windows XP on HP x86-based commercial desktop PCs. The Intel 945-based chipset, as well as older commercial desktop systems are covered by this paper. The current world consists of 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems (OSes).
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How does the limit work? Physical memory addresses are divided into two sections: the PCI memory address range (also known as Memory Mapped I/O), and the RAM available to the operating system. This explains why even with 4 GB of memory, available RAM is less than 4 GB. PCI memory address space is used to transfer data by the BIOS, I/O cards, networking, PCI hubs, bus bridges, PCI Express, and graphics cards.