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Echelon LONWORKS PLT-22 User Manual

Power line transceiver. 110khz – 140khz operation
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L
W
ON
ORKS
®
PLT-22 Power Line Transceiver
User's Guide
(110kHz – 140kHz Operation)
Version 1.2
®
@ ECHELON
C o r p o r a t i o n
078-0175-01C

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Summary of Contents for Echelon LONWORKS PLT-22

  • Page 1 ORKS ® PLT-22 Power Line Transceiver User’s Guide (110kHz – 140kHz Operation) Version 1.2 ® @ ECHELON C o r p o r a t i o n 078-0175-01C...
  • Page 2 Parts manufactured by vendors other than Echelon and referenced in this document have been described for illustrative purposes only and may not have been tested by Echelon. It is the responsibility of the customer to determine the suitability of these parts for each application.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    Contents Introduction Audience Content Related Documentation Using the PLT-22 Transceiver Mechanical Dimensions PLT-22 Transceiver Pinout PLT-22 Transceiver Electrical Specifications External Components Crystal Power Supply Bypassing and Grounding Band-in-Use (BIU) and Packet Detect (PKD) LED Connections Neuron ® Chip Connections Transmit Output Level 2-10 TXON Output Signal 2-10...
  • Page 4 Receive Performance Verification 7-11 Packet Error Measurement with Nodeutil 7-11 Verification Procedure 7-12 References Reference Documentation Appendix A PLT-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Specifications PLT-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Schematic PLT-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Electrical Specifications PLT-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Vendors Echelon...
  • Page 5 Appendix B PLT-22 Transceiver-Based Node Checklist PLT-22 Transceiver-Based Node Checklist PLT-22 Transceiver and Neuron Chip Connections PLT-22 Transceiver Programming PLT-22 Transceiver Coupling Circuit General PLT-22 Transceiver Coupling Circuit Components Key Specifications PLT-22 Transceiver Power Supply - General PLT-22 Transceiver Power Supply - Switching Type EMI &...
  • Page 6 Echelon...

  • Page 7: Introduction

    Network data are broadcast through the power mains, eliminating the need for dedicated wiring and greatly reducing installation costs. A replacement for Echelon's popular PLT-21 Power Line Transceiver, the PLT-22 transceiver also includes several new features to significantly improve communications reliability and lower node cost.
  • Page 8 140kHz and 95kHz-to-125 kHz frequency bands. The transceiver implements the CENELEC access protocol, which can be enabled or disabled by the user. By incorporating the access protocol into the power line transceiver, Echelon has eliminated the need for users to independently develop the complex timing and access algorithms mandated by the CENELEC EN 50065-1 regulation.
  • Page 9 For commercial and industrial applications in high rises, manufacturing plants, utility substations, and other large facilities, the PLT-22 transceiver can be used with Echelon's PLA-21 Power Line Amplifier. Capable of transmitting a 10Vp-p signal with 2Ap-p current drive, the PLA-21 amplifier is ideal for driving multiple phase coupling circuits, high attentuation power circuits, and very low impedance loads near circuit breaker panels and distribution transformers.
  • Page 10 CKOUT CKSEL1 CKSEL0 XOUT ~RESET RXIN FRONT RXCOMP TXLVL TXOUT AMP/ FLTR Figure 1.1 PLT-22 Transceiver Block Diagram The compact PLT-22 transceiver must be mounted using hand or wave soldering and requires only the addition of a Neuron 3120 ® Chip or Neuron 3150 ®...
  • Page 11 The PLT-22 transceiver meets the regulations for AC mains signaling of the FCC (Federal Communication Commission), Industry Canada (formerly DOC), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization), and Japanese MPT (Ministry of Post and Telecommunications). Under FCC Section 15.107 "Limits for carrier current systems," as well as Industry Canada guidelines, communication frequencies are allocated as shown in figure 1.3.

  • Page 12: Audience

    PLT-22 with PLT-22 with 70 - 95kHz Operation 110 - 140kHz Operation "A" "C" "D" "B" Band Designations: Electricity Suppliers and Their Licensees Restricted PLT-22 PLT-22 PLT-22 PLT-22 PLT-22 Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Secondary Signal Signal Signal Signal Signal 20kHz 40kHz 60kHz 80kHz...
  • Page 13 Custom Node Development (005-0024-01) ORKS ® Layers 1-6 Interoperability Guidelines (078-0014-01) Application Layer Interoperability Guidelines (078-0120-01) Neuron Chip Data Book as published by Motorola and Toshiba PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...
  • Page 14 Introduction...

  • Page 15: Using The Plt-22 Transceiver

    Using the PLT-22 Transceiver This chapter describes the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the PLT-22 transceiver along with the interface to a Neuron Chip and external circuitry requirements. Typical application schematics are included. PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...

  • Page 16: Mechanical Dimensions

    Mechanical Dimensions Figure 2.1 presents the mechanical dimensions of the PLT-22 transceiver. The PLT-22 is produced as an uncoated SIP (in contrast to the coated PLT-20 and PLT-21 transceivers). Figure 2.1 PLT-22 Transceiver Dimensions Note: If a socket is required for prototype purposes, a Mill-Max #317-93-121-41-005 connector may be used.

  • Page 17: Plt-22 Transceiver Pinout

    PLT-22 Transceiver Pinout Table 2.1 lists the functions of the PLT-22 transceiver pins. Table 2.1 PLT-22 Transceiver Pinout Pin # Pin Name Function RXCOMP Connection to receive compensation component RXIN Receive signal input from line coupling circuit Ground Frame clock synchronization from Neuron Chip (FCLK) Bit clock synchronization from Neuron Chip (BCLK) Transmit data and configuration from Neuron Chip (TXD) Receive data and status to Neuron Chip (RXD)

  • Page 18: Plt-22 Transceiver Electrical Specifications

    PLT-22 Transceiver Electrical Specifications Table 2.2 lists the electrical specifications of the PLT-22 transceiver when used in the 110kHz – 140kHz frequency range. All specifications apply over the full operating temperature and supply voltage ranges unless otherwise indicated. Table 2.2 PLT-22 Transceiver Electrical Specifications Parameter Units Operating temperature range 1...
  • Page 19 onto typical lines. Under worst case conditions, the minimum V supply voltage may be relaxed if the following additional condition is met. With worst case power supply loading (including PLT-22 I = 250mA), worst case component tolerances, worst case line voltage, and worst case temperature, V must remain greater than or equal to 9.0V.

  • Page 20: External Components

    External Components Crystal The PLT-22 transceiver requires the connection of an external 10.0000MHz crystal. The crystal connects directly to two pins of the PLT-22 transceiver, with no other oscillator components being required external to the transceiver. The crystal should be mounted as close as possible to the transceiver to minimize parasitic effects. The traces connecting the crystal to the transceiver preferably should be less than 10mm (0.4") in length, and under no circumstances can they exceed 20mm (0.8") in length.

  • Page 21: Power Supply Bypassing And Grounding

    Power Supply Bypassing and Grounding The PLT-22 transceiver requires the connection of external bypass capacitors. The bypass capacitors should be placed as close as possible to the PLT-22 transceiver, and low-impedance ground and supply traces should be used between the PLT-22 transceiver and the bypass capacitors.

  • Page 22: Neuron Chip Connections

    disabled, the threshold for the BIU signal is increased to 84dBµVrms to reduce the possibility that power mains noise activates the BIU indicator. When the CENELEC access protocol is disabled, an active BIU signal does not prevent the PLT-22 transceiver from transmitting. Connecting the BIU signal to an LED is most useful when the CENELEC access protocol is enabled, since in this case the BIU signal indicates when the PLT-22 transceiver's transmissions are restricted.
  • Page 23 the ground traces and V trace between the PLT-22 transceiver and the Neuron Chip should have impedances as low as possible. The PLT-22 transceiver's CKOUT pin provides a clock suitable for driving the Neuron Chip CLK1 at 1.25MHz, 2.5MHz, 5MHz, or 10MHz. The frequency of the CKOUT pin (Neuron Chip CLK1 input) is selected by two pins, CKSEL0 and CKSEL1/TXON, as shown in table 2.4.

  • Page 24: Transmit Output Level

    Transmit Output Level The TXLVL input pin on the PLT-22 transceiver determines the output voltage of the transmit signal. When the TXLVL pin is left floating, the transceiver's open-circuit output voltage is 3.5V p-p. When the TXLVL pin is grounded, the open-circuit output voltage is increased by 6dB to 7Vp-p.
  • Page 25 PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide 2-11 ORKS...
  • Page 26 To User's Application Electronics 2-12 Using the PLT-22 Transceiver...

  • Page 27: Plt-22 Transceiver Programming

    PLT-22 Transceiver Programming Certain parameters of the PLT-22 transceiver are programmed by the user. This chapter presents a list of these parameters and their values, plus a description of how they are programmed via the ™ ® LonBuilder Developer’s Workbench and the NodeBuilder Development Tool.

  • Page 28: Dual Carrier Frequency Mode

    A minimum of two retries must be used if the PLT-22 transceiver is to be able to use both carrier frequency choices. For optimum reliability and efficiency, Echelon recommends the use of three retries when using acknowledged service messaging with the PLT-22 transceiver.

  • Page 29: Cenelec Access Protocol

    CENELEC Access Protocol To allow multiple power line signaling devices from different manufacturers to operate on a common AC mains circuit, the CENELEC standard EN 50065-1 specifies an access protocol for the C-band (125kHz to 140kHz). The frequency 132.5kHz is designated as the primary band-in-use frequency that indicates when a transmission is in progress.

  • Page 30: Standard Transceiver Types

    operating conditions (temperature, line voltage, component variation and transmitter loading). The cost of such a power supply can be significantly reduced if, instead of designing the supply for the maximum possible transmit duty cycle and for the worst case environmental conditions, the supply can be designed for typical operating conditions.
  • Page 31 LonBuilder and NodeBuilder tools, and see the power line products section of Echelon’s web site (www.echelon.com) to determine how to update other devices used in a PLT-22 power line network.

  • Page 32: Lonbuilder ® And Nodebuilder ® Plt-22 Transceiver

    LonBuilder TYPES directory (c:\lb\types by default) for the LonBuilder software. If the date on your STDXCVR.TYP file is older than 1999, you can download an update from Echelon's web site at www.echelon.com/toolbox. Once you have verified that you are using the correct version of the STDXCVR.TYP file, specify PL-20N, PL-20C, PL-20N-LOW, or PL-20C-LOW as the standard transceiver type in the NodeBuilder Device Template, as shown in figure 3.1, or the...
  • Page 33 Figure 3.1 NodeBuilder Device Template Window Table 3.3 shows the channel definition parameters for the PLT-22 transceiver. If you do not have access to an updated STDXCVR.TYP file, these channel definition parameters may be entered in the Channel Modify screen and sub-screens to create a standard PLT-22 transceiver definition which will activate the PLT-22 transceiver's dual frequency mode.
  • Page 34 Table 3.3 Channel Definition Parameters for the PLT-22 Transceiver (continued) Comm Mode Specific Parameters Channel Bit Rate 3987 bps Alternate Bit Rate 3987 bps Wakeup Pin Dir Output Xcvr Controls Preamble? General Purpose Data (power management disabled) CENELEC Access Protocol OFF 0E 01 00 10 00 00 00 CENELEC Access Protocol ON 4A 00 00 10 00 00 00...

  • Page 35: Coupling Circuits

    Coupling Circuits This chapter includes a technical discussion about the means by which communication signals are coupled to power mains. Coupling circuit designs, including schematics and electrical safety issues, are included. PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...

  • Page 36: Power Line Communications

    Power Line Communications The PLT-22 transceiver employs sophisticated digital signal processing techniques, a transmit power amplifier with a very low output impedance, and a very wide (80dB) dynamic range receiver to overcome the signal attenuation and noise inherent in power mains communication. Maintaining the full communication capability of the PLT-22 transceiver requires careful selection and implementation of the mains coupling circuitry external to the PLT-22 transceiver.
  • Page 37 Figure 4.1 Power Distribution Model Attenuation is most easily understood in terms of a voltage-divider circuit formed by the output impedance of the transmitter, the impedance of the various mains circuit branches, and any loads present on the mains branch circuits. At the communication frequencies of the PLT-22 transceiver (110kHz to 140kHz), the significant impedances are due to the series inductance of the mains wiring itself, capacitive loads between line and neutral, resistive loads between line and neutral, and the...

  • Page 38: Coupling Techniques

    Transmitter Receiver Transmitter Wiring Wiring Phase-to-Phase Receiver Load Load Load Power Line Signal Return Path Figure 4.2 Power Mains Attenuation Model This model illustrates that minimizing the series impedances and maximizing the line-to-return path impedances reduces the attenuation of the transmitted signal. Coupling Techniques Power Line Coupling Basics Injecting a communication signal into a power mains circuit is normally...
  • Page 39 PL Transmitter Power Line (AC Mains) PL Receiver Figure 4.3 Basic Mains Coupling Circuit A key factor affecting the type of mains coupling circuit to be used is the wiring style of the power distribution system to which the coupling circuit will be connected. Wiring topologies vary from application to application, e.g., homes versus commercial buildings, as well as from country to country.
  • Page 40 PL Transmitter Line Earth PL Receiver Figure 4.4 Line-to-Earth Coupling Method To understand the advantage of line-to-earth coupling, recall that a major component of signal attenuation is due to the loads presented by devices that are connected to the power mains between the line and neutral wires. These loads do not affect signal attenuation when line-to-earth coupling is used.
  • Page 41 PL Transmitter Line Neutral PL Receiver Figure 4.5 Line-to-Neutral Coupling Style In the following section the simple circuits shown in figures 4.4 and 4.5 are expanded to make them practical in real applications. The following discussion applies to both line-to-neutral coupling and line-to-earth coupling, as the coupling circuit topology for each is the same.

  • Page 42: Power Line Coupling Details

    Power Line Coupling Details The coupling circuits shown in figures 4.4 and 4.5 require the addition of a small number of components to make them practical. Figure 4.6 shows the addition of an AC coupling capacitor (C2) to prevent the inductor from shorting the transmit amplifier's DC bias voltage.
  • Page 43 PLT-22 Transmit Amp Receive Front End Figure 4.7 Simplified Coupling Circuit with Resonant Inductor An important design constraint on L2 is that its DC resistance be kept very low since it is in the transmit signal path and effectively part of the transmitter's output impedance.
  • Page 44 Figure 4.8 shows additions to the coupling circuit which are required to make it fully functional. The first is a 1.0mH inductor, L3, connected to the PLT-22 transceiver receive filtering circuitry. The DC resistance of L3 can be up to 50 Ohms. The second is a diode, D1, connected from the transmitter to the amplifier supply voltage (V ) to protect the inputs of the PLT-22 transceiver from large (>15V) transients.

  • Page 45: Safety Issues

    onto the power mains. Depending on the frequency and amplitude of these fields they could result in failure to meet CENELEC conducted emission regulations. If noise from parasitic coupling is suspected, it can be confirmed by inserting a 10cm (4”) twisted wire pair in series with one of the inductors in question. If the conducted noise spectrum varies by more than a few dB when this inductor is moved closer to, and farther from, other components, then parasitic coupling may be the source of the problem.
  • Page 46 hazard. Since the mains neutral lead is connected directly to the circuit board common, the user could be exposed to a hazardous voltage at the I/O connector, especially if the line and neutral connections are accidentally reversed. Additional circuitry is needed in such a product to provide a safety isolation barrier between the user-accessible I/O connector and the mains line and neutral conductors.

  • Page 47: Ground Leakage Currents

    interface lines in either direction and a separate crystal may be used for the Neuron Chip clock. Ground Leakage Currents There are both safety and practical limits on the level of ground leakage currents that are permitted in power line systems that use line-to-earth coupling. In the case of products intended for use in commercial buildings and homes, many safety agency standards set a maximum limit of 3.5mA of ground leakage current.
  • Page 48 layout. The efficacy of the surge protection implemented in each product containing the PLT-22 transceiver must always be verified empirically, since factors such as PCB layout and packaging can influence the results as much as the choice of protection components. The level of surge protection required for a given product often depends on the installed location of the product to be protected.
  • Page 49 Table 4.1 Line-to-Neutral Coupling Circuit Surge Immunity Test Results Ring Wave Test Combo Wave Test (0.5µs-100kHz) (1.2/50µs-8/20µs) Product IEEE C62.41-1991 Surge level IEEE C62.41- 1991 Surge level Location system exposure verified not to system exposure verified not to level damage PLT-22 level damage PLT-22 Branch Circuit...

  • Page 50: Fuse Selection

    Table 4.2 summarizes the surge immunity of the PLT-22 transceiver in conjunction with the line-to-earth coupling circuits specified later in this chapter. Table 4.2 Line-to-Earth Coupling Circuit Surge Immunity Test Results Ring Wave Test Combo Wave Test (0.5µs-100kHz) (1.2/50µs-8/20µs) Product IEEE C62.41-1991 Surge level IEEE C62.41- 1991...
  • Page 51 Power ORKS ORKS Line Transceivers (005-0070-01). Both of these bulletins are available on the Echelon web site at www.echelon.com. The PLT-22 transceiver also is fully compatible with all of the older coupling circuits described in the following older documents: PLT-20 Power Line Transceiver User's Guide,...

  • Page 52: Example 1: Line-To-Neutral, Non-Isolated Coupling

    Example 1: Line-to-Neutral (L-to-N), Non-Isolated Coupling Circuit Figure 4.10 presents a schematic for a line-to-neutral, non-isolated mains coupling circuit. Table 4.3 lists component values and recommended suppliers/part numbers for coupling to the AC mains with a nominal line voltage in the range 100-240VAC. For coupling to AC mains with a nominal line voltage in the range of 100-120VAC, refer to table 4.4.
  • Page 53 Table 4.3 100-240VAC, L-to-N, Non-Isolated Coupling Circuit Component Values Comp Value Specifications Vendor / Part Number 0.068µF Matsushita Electric / ECQ-E4683KF ±10%, ≥400VDC, metalized polyester 0.82µF ±5%, ≥50VDC, metalized polyester Matsushita Electric / ECQ-V1H824JL ≥120µF ±20%, 16VDC, aluminum electrolytic, Matsushita Electric / ECA-1CFQ121 ≤...

  • Page 54: Example 2: Line-To-Neutral, Transformer-Isolated Coupling

    Example 2: Line-to-Neutral, Transformer-Isolated Coupling Circuit Figure 4.11 presents a schematic for a line-to-neutral, transformer-isolated coupling circuit. Table 4.5 lists component values and recommended suppliers/part numbers for coupling to AC mains with a nominal line voltage in the range 100-240VAC. For coupling to AC mains with a nominal line voltage in the range of 100-120VAC, refer to table 4.6.
  • Page 55 Table 4.5 100-240VAC, L-to-N, Isolated Coupling Circuit Component Values Comp Value Specifications Vendor / Part Number 0.10µF Matsushita Electric / ECQ-E4104KF ±10%, ≥400VDC, metalized polyester 0.82µF ±5%, ≥50VDC, metalized polyester Matsushita Electric / ECQ-V1H824JL ≥120µF ±20%, 16VDC, aluminum electrolytic, Matsushita Electric / ECA-1CFQ121 ≤...

  • Page 56: Example 3: Line-To-Earth, Non-Isolated Coupling

    Example 3: Line-to-Earth (L-to-E), Non-Isolated Coupling Circuit Figure 4.13 shows a schematic for a line-to-earth, non-isolated mains coupling circuit. Table 4.7 lists component values and recommended suppliers/part numbers for coupling to AC mains with a nominal line voltage in the range 100-240VAC. For coupling to AC mains with a nominal line voltage in the range of 100-120VAC, refer to table 4.8.
  • Page 57 Table 4.7 100-240VAC, L-to-E, Non-Isolated Coupling Circuit Component Values Comp Value Specifications Vendor / Part Number 0.033µF Nissei Denki / Arcotronics ±10%, ≥250VAC, X2 type R40333K275XXXX 0.82µF ±5%, ≥50VDC, metalized polyester Matsushita Electric / ECQ-V1H824JL ≥120µF ±20%, 16VDC, aluminum electrolytic, Matsushita Electric / ECA-1CFQ121 ≤...

  • Page 58: Example 4: Line-To-Earth, Transformer-Isolated Coupling

    Example 4: Line-to-Earth, Transformer-Isolated Coupling Circuit Figure 4.14 shows a schematic for a line-to-earth, transformer-isolated coupling circuit. Table 4.9 lists component values and recommended suppliers/part numbers for coupling to AC mains with a nominal line voltage in the range 100-240VAC. For coupling to AC mains with a nominal line voltage in the range of 100-120VAC, refer to table 4.10.
  • Page 59 Table 4.9 100-240VAC, L-to-E, Transformer-Isolated Coupling Circuit Component Values Comp Value Specifications Vendor / Part Number 0.033µF Nissei Denki / Arcotronics ±10%, ≥250VAC, X2 type R40333K275XXXX 0.82µF ±5%, ≥50VDC, metalized polyester Matsushita Electric / ECQ-V1H824JL ≥120µF ±20%, 16VDC, aluminum electrolytic, Matsushita Electric / ECA-1CFQ121 ≤...
  • Page 60 (4) The working voltage rating of R1 may be achieved by using two 470kΩ resistors in series, each with a working voltage rating of at least half of the value listed above. In addition, the peak power and peak voltage rating of R1 must be chosen to meet the high-pot testing requirements of the application.
  • Page 61 Power Supplies for the PLT-22 Transceiver This chapter discusses options and requirements for the PLT-22 transceiver power supply. At the end of the chapter, requirements for conducted emissions testing are discussed. PLT-22 Transceiver's User Guide ORKS...

  • Page 62: Power Supplies For The Plt-22 Transceiver

    Introduction There are a number of power supply options available for use with the PLT-22 transceiver. These various options differ in key characteristics such as size and cost. The following table is designed to aid in the selection of the optimal supply type. Table 5.1 Power Supply Options Power Supply Application...

  • Page 63: Power Supply Noise

    series with the supply input. Optimal inductor selection will be covered in the switching supply section of this chapter. Power Supply Noise Power supplies have the opportunity to introduce noise both at their inputs and outputs. Noise conducted out of the input onto the AC line can degrade communication performance as well as cause the device to violate emissions regulations.
  • Page 64 amplifier is driving a low impedance line and its loaded output voltage is somewhat less than 7Vp-p. For proper node operation this condition must be met over the full range of worst-case component tolerances (including I drain), AC line voltage, and temperature. Having chosen a storage capacitor to ensure adequate supply voltage after one packet, the power management circuitry must then be enabled to prevent the erratic operation of a node that transmits so frequently that its energy-storage capacitor cannot fully...

  • Page 65: Energy Storage Capacitor-Input Power Supplies

    conditions, then the maximum transmission duration can be calculated to be 90.7ms. This maximum duration is applicable for applications where: 1) there are no priority packet transmissions from the energy storage node; 2) subnet and node numbers are in the range 0 through 15; and 3) if a six byte domain is used, it is assigned to be equal to a Neuron Chip ID number.
  • Page 66 Energy Shunt Current Storage for Regulator Source Transmission Output Voltage (8.5V-16V) Input Capacitor (5V) AC Line 78L05 Voltage (8.5V - 16V) Partial Raise Input Z Temperature Compensation (5V) AC Line 78L05 Voltage Figure 5.2 Capacitor-Input Power Supply Theory of Operation Due to the low current available, the application of capacitor-input power supplies is restricted to nodes which use 0.8µ...

  • Page 67: Capacitor-Input Power Supply Schematic

    Figure 5.3 Capacitor-Input Power Supply Schematic PLT-22 Transceiver's User Guide ORKS...

  • Page 68: Energy Storage Linear Supplies

    Energy Storage Linear Supplies For products requiring minimal application current and safety isolation, an energy storage linear supply may be the smallest and most cost effective option. Consider a node based on a Neuron 3120 Chip, operating at 2.5MHz and consuming 1mA of application and I/O current.

  • Page 69: Traditional Linear Power Supplies

    output loading would result in output voltages >16V. In this application the zener diode does not conduct unless the output load is light and the line voltage is high. In summary, an energy storage linear supply differs from a traditional linear supply in the following ways: 1.
  • Page 70 Line Switching Power Neutral Supply Neuron PLT-22 Coupling Chip Transceiver Circuit Earth Figure 5.5 Reducing Attenuation Caused by a Switching Power Supply Including this inductor is desirable because the increase in attenuation for a given load is much worse when the load, in this case the switching power supply, is connected directly to the transceiver.
  • Page 71 Table 5.3 Inductor Value vs. Application Application Network Impedance Inductor Impedance Inductor Value @130kHz @130kHz Single building AC mains 1-20 Ohms ≥100 Ohms ≥120µH Dedicated cable 50-100 Ohms ≥500 Ohms ≥680µH ≤100 nodes ≤100m Dedicated cable 50-100 Ohms ≥2000 Ohms ≥2.4mH >100 nodes >100m...

  • Page 72: Noise At The Power Supply Input

    Noise at the Power Supply Input In order to achieve maximum communication performance and to comply with the conducted emissions specifications of CENELEC EN 50065-1 and FCC Part 15, the switching power supply input must not conduct excessive noise onto the power mains.
  • Page 73 EN 50065-1 measurements. One limit is measured using a quasi-peak detector, the other using an average detector. Note that those limits are the same as required for any other CENELEC compliant product, except in the communication range of 110kHz to 140kHz where lower noise levels are specified.
  • Page 74 Quasi-peak detector Average detector 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 Frequency (Hz) Figure 5.7 Switching Power Supply Input Noise Limits for CENELEC EN 50065-1 Compliance Single carrier frequency mode Dual carrier frequency mode 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 Frequency (Hz) Figure 5.8 Switching Power Supply Input Noise Limits for FCC Compliance 5-14 Power Supplies for the PLT-22 Transceiver...
  • Page 75 Table 5.5 lists the endpoints of the straight lines shown in figure 5.7, and table 5.6 lists those shown in figure 5.8. Table 5.5 Switching Power Supply Input Noise Limits for CENELEC EN 50065-1 Compliance Frequency(kHz) Noise Level (dBuV): Noise Level (dBuV):Average Detector Quasi-Peak Detector 110+ 140+...
  • Page 76 330ž ±5% 1/4W 0.015µF ±10% 3.3ž ±5%, 1/2W, wire wound or carbon composition 100µH ±20% 100µH ±10% Power Switching Mains 0.47µF ±20% Power X2 Type Supply 250VAC Neuron PLT-22 Coupling Chip Circuit Txcvr Figure 5.9 Optional Switching Power Supply LC Network This filter has the attenuation characteristics shown in figure 5.10, when connected to a 50Ω...

  • Page 77: Switching Power Supply Output Noise Masks

    In some instances it is possible that noise radiated from either the power supply or the supply filter may couple into the inductors of the transceiver's coupling circuit. The coupling circuit may then couple this noise onto the power mains. This problem can be diagnosed by disconnecting the transceiver's coupling circuit and then analyzing the conducted line noise.
  • Page 78 Single carrier frequency mode Dual carrier frequency mode 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 Frequency (Hz) Figure 5.11 V Power Supply Noise Limits vs. Frequency for CENELEC EN 50065-1 Compliance Single carrier frequency mode Dual carrier frequency mode 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 Frequency (Hz) Figure 5.12 V Power Supply Noise Limits vs.
  • Page 79 Table 5.7 and 5.8 lists the levels shown on the previous graphs in figures 5.11 and 5.12, respectively. Table 5.7 V Power Supply Noise Limits vs. Frequency for CENELEC EN 50065-1 Compliance Frequency(kHz) Single Carrier Frequency Dual Carrier Frequency Noise Level (dBuV) Noise Level (dBuV) 10-20 20-37...
  • Page 80 Single carrier frequency mode Dual carrier frequency mode 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 Frequency (Hz) Figure 5.13 V Power Supply Noise Limits vs. Frequency for CENELEC EN 50065-1 Compliance Single carrier frequency mode Dual carrier frequency mode 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 Frequency (Hz) Figure 5.14 V Power Supply Noise Limits vs.

  • Page 81: Options

    Power Integrations in design note DN-15, TOPSwitch ® Power Supply for Echelon PLT-21 Power Line Transceiver. This design note is available on the Power Integrations web site at http://www.powerint.com, or it can be ordered from Power Integrations at the following address: Power Integrations, Inc.

  • Page 82: Off-The-Shelf Switching Supplies

    Off-the-Shelf Switching Supplies Most commercially available switching power supplies have been designed with some level of input noise filtering. Frequently this level of filtering is adequate if the supply’s fundamental switching frequency is within the optimal ranges of Table 5.4 over all operating conditions and tolerances.

  • Page 83: Design And Test For Electromagnetic Compatibility

    Design and Test for Electromagnetic Compatibility This chapter includes discussions of radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electrostatic discharge (ESD) design practices for products containing the PLT-22 transceiver. These design practices help the designer to create a product with the required Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC).

  • Page 84: Emi Design Issues

    EMI Design Issues The high-speed digital signals associated with microcontroller designs can generate unintentional electromagnetic interference (EMI). High-speed voltage transitions generate RF currents that can radiate from a product if a nearby length of wire or piece of metal acts as an antenna. Products that use a PLT-22 transceiver together with a Neuron Chip will generally need to demonstrate compliance with EMI limits enforced by various regulatory agencies.
  • Page 85 V DD5 V DD5 gate Power decouple Mains load Node Logic Ground Leakage "CHASSIS" Capacitances to Earth Ground leak,SIGNAL leak,GND leak,CHASSIS Figure 6.1 Parasitic Leakage Capacitances to Earth Ground From this discussion, it is apparent that minimizing C is very important. leak,SIGNAL By using 0.1µF or 0.01µF decoupling capacitors at each digital IC power pin, V and logic ground noise can be reduced.

  • Page 86: Esd Design Issues

    In summary, the following general rules apply: • the faster the Neuron Chip clock speed, the higher the level of EMI; • better V decoupling quiets RF noise at the sources (the digital ICs), which lowers EMI; • the Neuron 3120 Chip generates less EMI than the Neuron 3150 Chip since the Neuron 3120 Chip has no external memory interface lines;...
  • Page 87 is plastic, then the PCB should be supported in the package so that unprotected circuitry on the PCB is not adjacent to any seams in the package. The PCB should not touch the plastic of an enclosure near a seam, since a static discharge can "creep" along the surface of the plastic through the seam and arc onto the PCB.

  • Page 88: Conducted Emissions Testing

    Conducted Emissions Testing The PLT-22 transceiver is designed to comply with both FCC Section 15.107 "Limits for carrier current systems" and CENELEC EN 50065-1 “Signaling on low-voltage electrical installations in the frequency range 3kHz to 148.5kHz” Part 1 “General requirements, frequency bands and electromagnetic disturbances”. Many commercial testing laboratories lack experience measuring conducted emissions of intentional power line communicators, and commonly-applied testing procedures will give erroneous measurement results.
  • Page 89 Test Receiver. The proper attenuation must be selected using manual mode. A set-up program to accurately run scans for CENELEC EN 50065-1 compliance testing on the Rohde&Schwarz EMI Test Receiver ESHS30 is available from Echelon's L Developer's Toolbox at ORKS www.echelon.com/toolbox.
  • Page 90 In some instances conducted emissions above 500kHz can be adequately reduced by the addition of a small value capacitor (e.g., ≤470pF) either across the AC mains or from the line conductor to ground. While nodes using the PLT-22 transceiver have been demonstrated to pass various limits without an additional capacitor, variations in node design and layout may require the addition of this small value capacitor.
  • Page 91 Coupling Power PLT-22 Circuit Mains Unacceptable Topology Power Coupling Mains PLT-22 Circuit Unacceptable Topology Power Coupling PLT-22 Mains Circuit Unacceptable Topology Power Coupling Mains PLT-22 Circuit Acceptable Topology Figure 6.3 Ferrite Bead Topologies PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...
  • Page 92 6-10 Design and Test for Electromagnetic Compatibility...

  • Page 93: Communication Performance Verification

    Communication Performance Verification This chapter describes procedures to verify basic communication performance of products based on the PLT-22 transceiver. PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...

  • Page 94: Why Verify Communication Performance

    PLT-22-based design be verified prior to field deployment. This can be accomplished either by self verification, using the procedures given in this chapter, or by contacting your Echelon sales representative to make arrangements to send the node to Echelon for confidential evaluation.

  • Page 95: Power Line Test Isolator

    Verify that the product's transmit signal level is within acceptable limits. This is done by deliberately loading the isolated power mains on which the product under test is operating and comparing the output transmission level under load against a reference level. Verify that the product's receive sensitivity is within acceptable limits.

  • Page 96: Test Equipment

    The PLCA-21 lacks the features required to perform these tests accurately and should not be used. • One PL-20 Line-to-Neutral power line coupler, Echelon model 78200-221. • Two 50Ω coax cables approximately 25cm (12") long with male BNC connectors on both ends (AMP 1-221128-x or equivalent).
  • Page 97 • A "7Ω load" circuit, as shown in figure 7.3, should be built in a suitable enclosure and provided with an appropriate male AC mains plug. Note that the 1MΩ resistor’s stand-off voltage should be greater than or equal to the peak line voltage.

  • Page 98: Good Citizen Verification

    For the receive performance verification, a PC running nodetuil.exe (available on Echelon’s web site in the Developer’s Toolbox at www.echelon.com/toolbox) is required. The Node Status command will be used to obtain a record of the number of uncorrupted packets received by the Unit Under Test (UUT). This set-up will be described in detail in a later section.

  • Page 99: Excessive Loading Verification

    PLCA-22 Unit Under Test Recv C-band (UUT) service pin packet detect LED To power mains ISOLATOR Isloated Power Line Figure 7.6 Unintentional Output Noise Verification If any of the signal strength LEDs, above the -72dB LEDs, flash, or the PKD LEDs flashes more than once per minute, then excessive noise or interference is present.
  • Page 100 nodes. For applications which require an even higher receive impedance, refer to discussions in Chapters 5 and 6. The 10Vp-p output capability of the PLCA-22 analyzer is used to increase the sensitivity of the test. The higher output signal allows the 0dB, -3dB, and -6dB LEDs of the PLCA-22 analyzer signal strength meter to be used for observing signal strength.
  • Page 101 PLCA-22 See text before powering unit. Unit Under Test C-band Recv (UUT) service pin packet detect LED To power mains Isolated ISOLATOR Power Line PLCA-22 coax Impedance coax Send C-band PL-20 Circuit TxVpp:10V L-N 240V (see fig. 7-4) Coupler Figure 7.7 Excessive Loading Verification PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...

  • Page 102: Transmit Performance Verification

    Transmit Performance Verification Use the following steps to verify that the transmit output impedance of the UUT is low enough to adequately drive low impedance loads. With a single PLCA-22 analyzer in idle mode (no packets being transmitted) and set for C-band Internal and Line-to-Neutral coupling, connect the analyzer, the UUT, the "5Ω...

  • Page 103: Receive Performance Verification

    PC: device:c:\[path]\ldvpclta.sys [options] The latest version of ldvpclta.sys is available from Echelon’s Web site. Refer to the pertinent network adapter user's guide or detailed information about the driver set-up and its options.

  • Page 104: Verification Procedure

    The startup screen for the Nodeutil utility is shown below. Refer to the nodeutil.txt file for information on its proper setup. Node Utility Release 1.46 Copyright (c) 1994, 1996 Echelon Corporation. All rights reserved. Successfully installed network interface. Welcome to the LONWORKS Node Utility application.
  • Page 105 Set a second PLCA-22 analyzer in Send, UnackPri, and C-band modes (referred to as the Send PLCA-22 analyzer) and configure the coupling switch for external coupling. Connect the PLCA-22 analyzer using the attenuation circuit (30kΩ resistor; figure 7-5) and the PL-20 Line-to-Neutral coupler as shown in figure 7.9.
  • Page 106 PLCA-22 PC containing one of Unit Under Test the following network interface cards: (UUT) Recv C-band - PCLTA service pin - PCNSS - PCNSI packet detect LED To power mains Isolated ISOLATOR Power coax Line PL-20 L-N 240V Coupler PLCA-22 coax Attenuation coax...
  • Page 107 After moving the cursor to the Attn field, press the CHANGE and ENTER keys on the Send PLCA-22 analyzer to increment the Attn level by 6dB. Then clear the status on the UUT by responding with a "Y" to the Nodeutil prompt and then press START on the Send PLCA-22 analyzer.
  • Page 108 Table 7.1 Primary Frequency Receive Performance Verification Table Send Overall UnackPr UnackPr UUT Pkts Transmit Attenuatio i Error % i Error % Received Error % Error % Attenuatio n (Attn + (expecte (observe (observed) (expected) (1011 - #Rcvd)/10 n (PLCA (observed) Attn) 0 dB...
  • Page 109 corrections were made to a UUT which previously failed the Excessive Loading Verification test. If it is determined through a comparison of the UUT's expected and observed error rates that the UUT cannot reliably receive packets attenuated by at least 72dB (66dB for the secondary frequency), then check the following: •...
  • Page 110 7-18 Communication Performance Verification...

  • Page 111: References

    References This section provides a list of the reference material used in the preparation of this manual. PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...

  • Page 112: Reference Documentation

    The reference numbers are EN 50065-1:1991/prAC:1994. Motorola Neuron Chip Data Book. Toshiba Neuron Chip Data Book. Custom Node Development engineering bulletin, Echelon Corporation, 1992. ORKS Conducted Emissions Measurements on Power Line Transceiver Products: Test method for performing EN 50065-1 conducted emissions tests using Hewlett- Packard EMI test receivers, May 19, 1995.
  • Page 113 [11] Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, 2nd ed., by Henry W. Ott, John Wiley & Sons, 1988. [12] "ESD as an EMI Problem..How to Prevent and Fix," EDN Designer's Guide to Electromagnetic Compatibility, EDN Supplement, pp. S23-S29, 1/20/94. [13] CEI/IEC 1000-4-2 Electromagnetic compatibility, Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques - Section 2: Electrostatic discharge immunity test, International Standard, First Edition, 1995-01.
  • Page 114 References...

  • Page 115: Appendix A Plt-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer

    Appendix A PLT-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Specifications This appendix provides a schematic, specifications and supplier information for the PLT-22 transceiver isolation transformer. PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...

  • Page 116: Plt-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Schematic

    PLT-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Schematic Primary Secondary PLT-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Electrical Specifications Below are specifications for the PLT-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Schematic shown above. Parameter Units Turns Ratio (1-2) : (3-4) DC Resistance 0.20 0.20 Magnetizing Inductance 1-2 0.75 1.25 Dry, @100kHz, 1Vrms Magnetizing Inductance 1-2,...

  • Page 117: Plt-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Vendors

    PLT-22 Transceiver Isolation Transformer Vendors Contact vendors for details on operating temperatur `e ranges, storage temperature ranges, safety agency compliance, mechanical design information, and pricing. Vendor Part Number Contact Instructions Precision Components, Inc. 0505-0671 Telephone: 125 E. Lake Street, Suite 305 +1-708-980-6448 Bloomingdale, Illinois 60481 Fax:...
  • Page 118 Appendix A...

  • Page 119: Appendix B Plt-22 Transceiver-Based Node Checklist

    Appendix B PLT-22 Transceiver-Based Node Checklist This appendix includes a checklist to ensure that products using the PLT-22 transceiver meet the specifications presented in this user’s guide. PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...

  • Page 120: Plt-22 Transceiver And Neuron Chip Connections

    PLT-22 Transceiver-based Node Checklist PLT-22 Transceiver and Neuron Chip Connections Item Check When Description Completed Transceiver pins connected as shown in table 2.1. Environmental and electrical specifications shown in table 2.2 and figure 2.2 . 10 MHz parallel resonant crystal with a load capacitance rating of 13 pF to 20 pF is connected to the PLT-22 transceiver.
  • Page 121 Item Check When Description Completed The Neuron Chip CLK2 pin is not connected. The Neuron Chip and PLT-22 transceiver are placed adjacent to one another on the same printed circuit board. The length of the ~RESET line is ≤50mm (2"). The length of the CKOUT line is ≤50mm (2").

  • Page 122: Plt-22 Transceiver Programming

    PLT-22 Transceiver Programming Item Check When Description Completed The correct standard transceiver type is defined for the transceiver: STDXCVR.TYP date of 1999 or newer for dual carrier frequency operation Power management disabled: PL-20N for CENELEC access protocol disabled PL-20C for CENELEC access protocol enabled Power management enabled: PL-20N-LOW for CENELEC access protocol disabled PL-20C-LOW for CENELEC access protocol enabled...

  • Page 123: Transceiver Coupling Circuit Components Key Specifications

    PLT-22 Transceiver Coupling Circuit Components Key Specifications Item Check When Description Completed Fuse F1 6Amp rating (DC resistance ≤0.1Ω) Time lag, i.e., slow blow type Proper voltage rating Capacitor C1 Proper value selected 10% (or better) tolerance Proper voltage rating (including AC or DC) Safety listing, if applicable Capacitor C2 Metalized polyester (required for surge immunity)

  • Page 124: Plt-22 Transceiver Power Supply - General

    Item Check When Description Completed Resistor R1 Proper value for discharge time requirements Proper voltage rating (>1.4*AC line voltage) Proper power rating for hi-pot test (if applicable) Resistor R2 Value of 82Ω minus L4 DC resistance Varistor RV1 Proper AC or DC voltage rating so as not to clamp AC peaks Surge rating for application requirements, see chapter 4 No varistors to earth unless hi-pot testing is performed prior to insertion of varistor and ground leakage current is not an...

  • Page 125: Emi & Esd Design

    Item Check When Description Completed The LC resonant frequency of the inductor is at least 1 octave from the communication frequency range (110kHz- 140kHz) when the inductor is combined with the input capacitance of the switching supply. The power supply complies with the input noise masks shown in chapter 5.

  • Page 126: Product Qualification - Emc

    Product Qualification - EMC Item Check When Description Completed Proper measurement of conducted emissions is used to verify compliance with FCC Part 15 and/or CENELEC EN 50065-1 as described in chapter 5. A 50Ω//(50µH+5Ω) Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) as specified in CISPR Publication 16, second edition is used for measurement.

  • Page 127: Appendix C External Power Supplies With Integrated Coupling Circuits

    Appendix C External Power Supplies with Integrated Coupling Circuits This appendix provides source information about plug-in AC-to-DC power supplies in which a Line-to-Neutral coupling circuit, compatible with the PLT-22 Power Line Transceiver, is integrated into the power supply. PLT-22 Transceiver User’s Guide ORKS...

  • Page 128: Vendors For External Power Supplies W/ Integrated Coupling Circuits

    Vendors for External Power Supplies with Integrated Coupling Circuits The following vendors provide external power supplies with integrated coupling circuits. Vendor Target Part Number Description Contact Instructions Market Tamura Corporation Industrial Device North 425A12400P Input: Telephone: B.U. America 120VAC ± 10%, 60Hz ± 0.5Hz +81-492-84-5721 Marketing &...

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