Elenco Electronics EP-130 User Manual
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Elenco Electronics EP-130 User Manual

Electronic playground and learning center
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ELECTRONIC
PLAYGROUND
TM
and LEARNING CENTER
MODEL EP-130
ELENCO
®
Wheeling, IL, USA
Copyright © 2012, 2009 by Elenco
®
Electronics, Inc. All rights reserved.
REV-A
Revised 2012
753039
No part of this book shall be reproduced by any means; electronic, photocopying, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.

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Summary of Contents for Elenco Electronics EP-130

  • Page 1 ELECTRONIC PLAYGROUND and LEARNING CENTER MODEL EP-130 ELENCO ® Wheeling, IL, USA Copyright © 2012, 2009 by Elenco ® Electronics, Inc. All rights reserved. REV-A Revised 2012 753039 No part of this book shall be reproduced by any means; electronic, photocopying, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Important: If you encounter any problems with this kit, DO NOT RETURN TO RETAILER. Call toll-free (800) 533-2441 or e-mail us at: help@elenco.com. Customer Service • 150 Carpenter Ave. • Wheeling, IL 60090 U.S.A. WARNING: Always check your wiring before Batteries: turning on a circuit.
  • Page 3 VI. MEET TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR LOGIC 93. LED Initials 94. Wake Up Siren 48. Blinking LEDs 95. Voice Activated LED 49. Machiny Sound 96. Logic Tester 50. Astable Multivibrator Using TTL 51. Tone Generator IX. MORE FUN WITH OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 52. Monster Mouth 97.

  • Page 4: Before We Begin

    As you will notice we refer to a Volt / Ohm Meter you have your Elenco ® EP-130 Electronic Playground (VOM) for making measurements. A VOM or Kit, you can learn about electronics while doing 130 multimeter is a instrument that measures voltage, fun experiments.

  • Page 5: Making Wire Connections

    WIRING CONNECTIONS Provided in your kit are spring terminals and pre-cut Only insert the exposed or shiny part of the wire into wires, make the wires snap together for your use in the spring terminal. The electrical connection will not the numerous projects.
  • Page 6 fine screen would keep rocks from falling over), which Capacitors: Capacitors move alternating current would prolong the flow of water but not stop it (AC) signals while prohibiting direct current (DC) completely. Like rocks are for water, resistors work in signals to pass.
  • Page 7 Diodes: Are like one-way streets. They allow the The “8” LED display is mounted on a board and to current to flow in only one direction. There are three prevent burning out the display with excess current, of these in your kit. Your kit contains one silicon diode permanent resistors have been wired in.
  • Page 8 Antenna: This cylindrical component with a coil of created by variations of vibrations and then travel fine wire wrapped around it is a radio antenna. If across the room. When you hear a sound it is actually you’re wondering what the dark colored rod is, it’s your ears feeling the pressure from the air vibrations.

  • Page 9: Building Your First Project

    Key: The key is a simple switch—you press it and electricity is allowed to flow through the circuit. When you release it, the circuit is not complete because a break is caused in the circuit’s path. The key will be used in most circuits often times in signaling circuits (you can send Morse code this way as well as other things).

  • Page 10: Troubleshooting

    TROUBLESHOOTING You should have no problem with the projects working 3. Are you following the schematic diagram and the properly if you follow the wiring instructions. However, explanation of the circuit? As your understanding if you do encounter a problem you can try and fix it by and knowledge expands of electronics, you will be using the following troubleshooting steps.

  • Page 11: Playground Of Electronic Circuits

    I. PLAYGROUND OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS -11-...

  • Page 12: Woodpecker

    EXPERIMENT #1: WOODPECKER For your first experiment you are going to make a Notes: circuit that that sounds like a woodpecker chirping. Follow the wiring sequence carefully and observe the drawings. Don’t forget to make all the proper connections and have fun! The simple circuit shown here does not have a key or a switch, but you can easily add one.

  • Page 13: Police Siren

    EXPERIMENT #2: POLICE SIREN Here is the first siren you are going to do – don’t be Notes: shocked if this experiment becomes the most famous circuit in this kit. This siren sounds like a real siren on a police car! After the wiring is competed press the key.

  • Page 14: Metronome

    EXPERIMENT #3: METRONOME Learning to play a musical instrument? Then you Notes: might find this experiment helpful. This is an electronic version of the metronome, used by musical students and musical geniuses alike, worldwide. If you press the key, you hear a repeating sound from the speaker.

  • Page 15: Grandfather Clock

    EXPERIMENT #4: GRANDFATHER CLOCK Does your home lack a grandfather clock? Well not Notes: any longer, with this experiment you will make your own electronic grandfather clock. This circuit will produce clicks at approximately one- second intervals. The sound and timing together might remind you of an old grandfather clock.

  • Page 16: Harp

    EXPERIMENT #5: HARP Have you ever wanted to make music just by waving Notes: your hand? Well that is just what you are going to be doing. How does this magic work? Well, the tones change based upon the amount of light that gets to the CdS cell.

  • Page 17: Tweeting Bird

    EXPERIMENT #6: TWEETING BIRD In this experiment you are going to make a circuit Notes: that that sounds like the mockingbird. Follow the wiring sequence and observe the drawings. Don’t forget to make all the proper connections and have fun! To finish the circuit below, slide the switch to the A position to turn on the power.

  • Page 18: Meowing Cat

    EXPERIMENT #7: MEOWING CAT Are you bothered by mice, do you not have a Notes: mousetrap? You should try this next experiment to help you instead—see if the sound of this cat can keep the pests out of your life. Just follow the drawing below and the wiring sequence.

  • Page 19: Callin' Fish

    EXPERIMENT #8: CALLIN’ FISH know that many marine animals Notes: communicate to each other using sound? I bet you have heard that dolphins and whales use sound for communication, but what you probably don’t know is that they are not the only ones. Due to research we are able to find out that some fish are attracted to certain sounds.

  • Page 20: Strobe Light

    EXPERIMENT #9: STROBE LIGHT In this experiment you will be creating an oscillator Notes: circuit that doesn’t make sound using a speaker or an earphone. Instead the circuit will produce light with an LED. This will give you an idea of how larger strobe lights work.

  • Page 21: Sound Effects For Horror Movies

    EXPERIMENT #10: SOUND EFFECTS FOR HORROR MOVIES The sounds that you will hear from this circuit will Frequency modulation, or FM, is when the frequency remind you of the music you hear in horror movies. of an oscillator is controlled by part of the circuit. An Once you wire the project, use your special light FM radio signal is similar to this but at higher shield and your hand to change the light amount that...

  • Page 22: Machine Gun Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #11: MACHINE GUN OSCILLATOR This circuit is what engineers refer to as a “pulse Once you finish wiring, press the key to start the oscillator”. It will make machine gun like sounds. oscillator. The 50kΩ resistor is the control; you can swap it out with other resistors to change the sound There are many different ways to make oscillators.

  • Page 23: Motorcycle Mania

    EXPERIMENT #12: MOTORCYCLE MANIA Have you ever tried to steer a bicycle or a motorcycle Experiment with different values for the 0.1μF and with just four fingers? This would be dangerous on a 0.05μF capacitors, but make sure you don’t use real motorcycle but on electronic version it is a lot of values above 10μF or you may damage the fun!

  • Page 24: Vision Test

    EXPERIMENT #13: VISION TEST This circuit produces short pulses. After you close Notes: the key, the LED display shows 1 for a second and then turns off, even when you keep pressing the key. You could create a game with this circuit. Display a number or a letter on the LED display and then have the players tell you what number it is.

  • Page 25: Patrol Car Siren

    EXPERIMENT #14: PATROL CAR SIREN With this experiment you may want to be careful not Notes: to confuse your neighbors. This experiment sounds as like a loud siren just like the real sirens on police cars and ambulances. The tone is initially high but as you close the key the tone gets lower.

  • Page 26: Ii. Basic Electronics Circuits

    II. BASIC ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS -26-...

  • Page 27: A Major Change

    A MAJOR CHANGE Until now, in addition to the wiring sequences you have As you will start to notice, the schematics have some lines had drawings to help guide you in the wiring connections. that cross each other and that there is a dot at the crossing The rest of the projects will have just the schematic point.

  • Page 28: Dimming The Light

    EXPERIMENT #15: LIGHT DIMMER Ever thought you could use a capacitor to dim a Hint: the 10μF capacitor charges when you close the light? Try this project. After you finish the wiring, set key. the switch to A. Then the LED segments will light up Notes: slowly and show an L.

  • Page 29: Flip Flopping

    EXPERIMENT #16: FLIP FLOPPING How about we take a break? This circuit is for Notes: entertainment. The numbers 1 and 2 will flash on the display in the circuit. This might remind you of some neon signs that have eye-catching advertisements on them.

  • Page 30: Capacitor Discharge Flash

    EXPERIMENT #17: CAPACITOR DISCHARGE FLASH In this circuit single pulses of high voltage electric when the charge held by the capacitor is released energy are generated by suddenly discharging a into the transformer. charged capacitor through a transformer. Automobile ignition systems use a similar capacitor-discharge Notes: reaction.

  • Page 31: Transistor Action

    EXPERIMENT #18: TRANSISTOR ACTION There are three connections made on a transistor; Notes: one of these (the base) controls the current between the other two connections. The important rule to remember for transistors is: a transistor is turned on when a certain voltage is applied to the base. A positive voltage turns on an NPN type transistor.

  • Page 32: Series And Parallel Capacitors

    EXPERIMENT #19: SERIES AND PARALLEL CAPACITORS Some of the handiest items in your kit are the smallest capacitor in the series connection. The capacitors. They store electricity, smooth out pulsing higher-pitch sound is caused by the lower electricity into a steady flow and let some electric capacitance.

  • Page 33: Transistor Switching

    EXPERIMENT #20: TRANSISTOR SWITCHING In this experiment you study the switching action of Next, change the resistors to 10kΩ and then press transistors in turning an LED on. You will be using the key. Use terminals 83 and 84 and terminals 81 two different transistors - one of the two PNP types and 82.

  • Page 34: Series And Parallel Resistors

    EXPERIMENT #21: SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTORS In this project, you will discover what happens when together, and then divide the product by the sum of you connect resistors in series and in parallel. You values. In this case, the total resistance is: will see the LED-1 on the panel flash on and off when 470 x 100 = 82Ω...

  • Page 35: Amplify The Sound

    EXPERIMENT #22: AMPLIFY THE SOUND A two-transistor amplifier is used in this circuit. In an Notes: amplifier, a small signal is used to produce or control a large signal. This circuit is similar to an early model transistor hearing aid amplifier. Your kit’s speaker can change sound pressure into a weak voltage.

  • Page 36: Iii. Led Display Circuits

    III. LED DISPLAY CIRCUITS -36-...

  • Page 37: Led Display Basics

    EXPERIMENT #23: LED DISPLAY BASICS By using the LED display you will see the effect of Do the following experiment to experience how fast electrical signals. An LED is similar to a normal diode the LED operates. except when current flows through it, it emits light. 1.

  • Page 38: Digital Display Circuit For The Seven-Segment Led

    EXPERIMENT #24: DIGITAL DISPLAY CIRCUIT FOR THE SEVEN-SEGMENT LED Wire the circuit as shown to connect the 3V supply Notes: to the LED segments and the decimal point (Dp). What numbers and letters do you see displayed? In this experiment you can make some voltage measurements using a Voltage/Ohm Meter (VOM) if you have one.

  • Page 39: Led Display With Cds And Transistor

    EXPERIMENT #25: LED DISPLAY WITH CdS AND TRANSISTOR In this project you will see how to turn on an LED by Notes: using a transistor and a CdS cell. Think of the CdS cell as a resistor that changes its resistance based upon the amount of light that falls upon it.

  • Page 40: Switching The Led Display Using Transistor Control

    EXPERIMENT #26: SWITCHING THE LED DISPLAY USING TRANSISTOR CONTROL This project shows how to control the LED display Notes: through the use of transistors. This circuit is similar to the one in Project 18 (Transistor Action). The differences between these two are the position of the switch as well as the value of the resistor.

  • Page 41: Iv. Welcome To Digital Circuits

    IV. WELCOME TO DIGITAL CIRCUITS -41-...

  • Page 42: Flip-Flop" Transistor Circuit

    EXPERIMENT #27: “FLIP-FLOP” TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT What is a flip-flop? It is a kind of circuit that changes Transistor Q1 turns on when the charge drops to a back and forth between two states (on and off) at specific point, the negative voltage from the 47kΩ specific intervals.

  • Page 43: Toggle Flip-Flop" Transistor

    EXPERIMENT #28: “TOGGLE FLIP-FLOP” TRANSISTOR Now it is time to step into the world of digital circuits Once you have completed the wiring, set the switch and learn some basics. A circuit that acts as a switch to A. The lower part of the LED lights up. Press the to turn different components off and on is a digital key now.

  • Page 44: And" Diode Transistor Logic With Led Display

    EXPERIMENT #29: “AND” DIODE TRANSISTOR LOGIC WITH LED DISPLAY In this circuit you will first learn about the AND circuit. The base of the PNP transistor turns on when both When all the connections to its terminals are logic of the inputs are high and when both diodes supply high (receiving voltage), the AND circuit produces a negative voltage to the base of the PNP transistor.

  • Page 45: Or" Dtl Circuit With Display

    EXPERIMENT #30: “OR” DTL CIRCUIT WITH DISPLAY This next circuit is a logic OR circuit. Are you able to Notes: guess how this circuit may work? Remember that the AND circuit produces high logic only when inputs A and B are both high. In the OR circuit logic high is produced when A or B receives a logic high input.

  • Page 46: Nand" Dtl Circuit With Display

    EXPERIMENT #31: “NAND” DTL CIRCUIT WITH DISPLAY You will not be able to find the word NAND in your Notes: dictionary (unless it is a computer or electronic dictionary). This term means inverted or Non-AND function. It creates output conditions that are the opposite of the AND circuits output conditions.

  • Page 47: Nor" Transistor Circuit With Display

    EXPERIMENT #32: “NOR” TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT WITH DISPLAY It is easy to determine what the NOR (inverted OR) Notes: circuit does now that you have built and learned about the NAND (inverted AND) circuit. When either terminal A or B is connected to terminal H (119) the display shows L.

  • Page 48: Exclusive Or" Dtl Circuit

    EXPERIMENT #33: “EXCLUSIVE OR” DTL CIRCUIT If you don’t know what an exclusive OR means, don’t Notes: worry. An exclusive OR (abbreviated XOR) circuit provides a high output only when one or the other of its inputs are high. You can see that an XOR circuit produces a low output, only if both of the inputs are the same (high or low).

  • Page 49: More Fun With Digital Circuits

    V. MORE FUN WITH DIGITAL CIRCUITS -49-...

  • Page 50: Buffer" Gate Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #34: “BUFFER” GATE USING TTL Have you ever wondered what happens once you 1 is the input when the switch is set to A, and 0 is the start adding digital circuits together, using the output input when the switch is at B. When the input to the of one as the input of another? You’ll find out when first NAND is 1, its output is 0.

  • Page 51: Inverter" Gate Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #35: “INVERTER” GATE USING TTL A circuit that has an output that is the opposite of its Notes: input is called an inverter. If the output is 0, (low) then the input is 1 (high). If the output is 1, then the input is 0.

  • Page 52: And" Gate Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #36: “AND” GATE USING TTL By using your kit’s NAND gates, are you able to Notes: figure out how to make an AND gate? To find out let’s experiment! As you build this circuit, leave the switch at B. connect terminals 13 and 14 to turn the power on once you have finished.

  • Page 53: Or" Gate Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #37: “OR” GATE USING TTL One of the cool things about the quad two-input Notes: NAND IC is that to make up other logic circuits all we have to do is combine the four NAND gates. In our last two projects you have been shown how you are able to use NANDs to make up some other logic circuits.

  • Page 54: R-S Flip-Flop" Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #38: “R-S FLIP-FLOP” USING TTL R-S does not mean Radio Shack ® flip-flop. As we Notes: mentioned earlier circuits that flip-flop alternate between two states. Those who use flip-flop circuits most often are engineers, and they use flip-flop circuits to switch between low (0) and high (1) outputs.

  • Page 55: Triple-Input And" Gate Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #39: “TRIPLE-INPUT AND” GATE USING TTL We have been using digital circuits that have two The circuit works this way: connected to the one inputs, but that doesn’t mean that we can’t have NAND are both the key and the switch. When each more than the two inputs.

  • Page 56: And" Enable Circuit Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #40: “AND” ENABLE CIRCUIT USING TTL Setting the switch to B blocks the channel from the Notes: LED 1 to the LED 2 However, when you set the switch to A, you will find that LED lights and turns off at the same time as LED 1.

  • Page 57: Nand" Enable Circuit Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #41: “NAND” ENABLE CIRCUIT USING TTL NAND gates are able to act as electronic two inputs to the NAND equivalent to 1 once the guardsmen. If you don’t want a signal to be placed switch is set to A. The multivibrator sends 0 and then into input of a circuit, a NAND will make sure that it signals to the other NAND input.

  • Page 58: Nor" Enable Circuit Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #42: “NOR” GATE USING TTL Try to mark 0 and 1 inputs on the schematic and see Notes: if this circuit comes up at either a 0 or 1 output. Give it try and don’t peak at the answer. As you are constructing this circuit, make sure to have the switch set to B.

  • Page 59: Nand" Gate Making A Toggle Flip-Flop

    EXPERIMENT #43: “NAND” GATE MAKING A TOGGLE FLIP-FLOP If you are thinking that the NAND gate is a truly Notes: versatile circuit, well then your right! This experiment is a toggle flip-flop circuit made by using four NAND gates. When you have finished building this circuit, connect terminals 13 and 14 in order to turn the power on.

  • Page 60: Exclusive Or" Gate Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #44: “EXCLUSIVE OR” GATE USING TTL Since we have made up some digital circuits by Notes: combining NAND gates, it makes sense that we make XOR gates too. This circuit will show you how. Before you complete this circuit set the switch to B. Connect the terminals 13 and 14, once you have finished the wiring.

  • Page 61: Or" Enable Circuit Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #45: “OR” ENABLE CIRCUIT USING TTL Have you figured out how to make an enable circuit Notes: using an OR gate? Well, if the answer is yes, then this is your chance to compare you design to our OR enable circuit.

  • Page 62: Line Selector Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #46: LINE SELECTOR USING TTL It isn’t hard to think of some situations where we Notes: might want to send input data to two or more different outputs. This experiment shows how we can use a network of NAND gates to help do that. This circuit uses three NAND gates and a multivibrator.

  • Page 63: Data Selector Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #47: DATA SELECTOR USING TTL The last experiment you did let you explore how data Computers use a more complex version of these could be sent to two or more different outputs. You circuits. As you probably guessed, the switching from can probably think of situations where we might want one input channel to another is usually done to or need to do the opposite - which is sending data...

  • Page 64: Vi. Meet Transistor-Transistor Logic

    VI. MEET TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR LOGIC -64-...

  • Page 65: Blinking Leds

    EXPERIMENT #48: BLINKING LEDS Connect terminals 13 and 14 to turn on the power Notes: and finish the wiring sequence for this circuit. You’ll notice that both LED 1 and LED 2 alternate going on and off. By substituting different values for the 100μF capacitor you can change the speed of the blinking.

  • Page 66: Machiny Sound

    EXPERIMENT #49: MACHINY SOUND Listen to the sound this project makes. Take your Notes: time and check your work because there are a lot of wiring steps. Once you’ve finished, set the switch to position A. What are you hearing? From looking at the schematic, can you explain how the circuit produces this sound? This circuit has two multivibrators, one with PNP...

  • Page 67: Astable Multivibrator Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #50: ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING TTL Multivibrator circuits can be created from NAND Notes: gates. This experiment is an example of an astable multivibrator – are you able guess what astable means? Generate a guess, and complete this project to see if you were right. To turn the circuit on, connect terminals 13 and 14.

  • Page 68: Tone Generator

    EXPERIMENT #51: TONE GENERATOR USING TTL We’ve been constructing tones with audio oscillators Notes: for so long that it might seem as if there’s no other way to produce tones from electronic circuits. Multivibrators made from NAND gates do the job just as well.

  • Page 69: Monster Mouth

    EXPERIMENT #52: MONSTER MOUTH Do you know of someone who is a big mouth? (Or, Notes: have you ever been accused of being one?) This experiment lets you and your friends see who’s got the most ear-splitting voice. How does this work? When you yell, you create sound waves, which are actually variations in air pressure.

  • Page 70: Dark Shooting

    EXPERIMENT #53: DARK SHOOTING Think you have good night vision? This experiment is Notes: a game that lets you find out how well you can see in the dark. In a completely dark room, it tests your aim! Once you have completed this project, put it in as dark of a room as possible.

  • Page 71: A One-Shot Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #54: A ONE-SHOT TTL What does “one-shot” mean to you? Notes: Turn the switch to A, and see what happens to LED 1 when you press the key once at a time. Try holding the key down for different periods while watching LED 1.

  • Page 72: Transistor Timer Using Ttl

    EXPERIMENT #55: TRANSISTOR TIMER USING TTL This is another type of one-shot circuit; in this project Notes: you hear the effects of the multivibrator. From the schematic you can see that this experiment uses a combination of simple components and digital electronics.

  • Page 73: Led Buzzin

    EXPERIMENT #56: LED BUZZIN’ This is another circuit that uses both transistor and Notes: NAND type multivibrators. As you hear a sound through the earphone you see LED 1 light up. Build the circuit, connect the earphone to terminals 13 and 14, and set the switch to position A. Each time the LED lights up you’ll hear a pulse in the earphone.

  • Page 74: Another Led Buzzin

    EXPERIMENT #57: ANOTHER LED BUZZIN’ Carefully compare the schematic for this experiment Notes: with the schematic for the last experiment. While they are similar in many ways, but there’s a critical difference. Can you find what it is? Can you tell how the operation will be different? Attach the earphone to Terminals 13 and 14 and set the switch to position A.

  • Page 75: Set/Reset Buzzer

    EXPERIMENT #58: SET/RESET BUZZER Does anything look familiar about the schematic for Notes: this project? This circuit uses an R-S flip-flop circuit made from NAND gates, comparable to the circuit in experiment 38 (R-S Flip-Flop using TTL). Once you have finished building this project, set the switch to position A and press the key.

  • Page 76: Another Set/Reset Buzzer

    EXPERIMENT #59: ANOTHER SET/RESET BUZZER Here’s a variant of the last project. This time we use Notes: an R-S flip-flop made with transistors and a NAND multivibrator. You will hear a sound in the earphone when you set the switch to B and press the key. No matter how many times you press the key you can still hear the sound.

  • Page 77: Vii. Oscillator Application Circuits

    VII. OSCILLATOR APPLICATION CIRCUITS -77-...

  • Page 78: Ode To The Pencil Lead Organ

    EXPERIMENT #60: ODE TO THE PENCIL LEAD ORGAN This experiment is an oscillator that is controlled in Notes: an abnormal way: with a pencil mark! You have caught a glimpse in other oscillator projects how changing the circuit’s resistance can change the sound that is produced.

  • Page 79: Double-Transistor Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #61: DOUBLE-TRANSISTOR OSCILLATOR Now you will build an oscillator using two transistors Notes: connected directly to each other. As you have witnessed, there are many ways to make an oscillator. This way is easier compared to some. After finishing the wiring, press the key. You hear a beep sound coming from the speaker.

  • Page 80: Decimal Point Strobe Light

    EXPERIMENT #62: DECIMAL POINT STROBE LIGHT This circuit is an oscillator with a slow frequency, and Notes: you can see the LED lighting and turning off. The off time is longer than the on time, so you observe short pulses of light with long periods between them. The wiring sequence below will make the decimal point light, however you can light any part of the LED display.

  • Page 81: The Early Bird Gets The Worm

    EXPERIMENT #63: “THE EARLY BIRD GETS THE WORM” This is the electronic bird circuit that you built for Notes: Project 6 (The Woodpecker), but now it has a photoelectric control of the transistor base. This circuit is activated by light, so you can use it as an early bird wake up alarm.

  • Page 82: Adjustable R-C Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #64: ADJUSTABLE R-C OSCILLATOR The “R-C” in this experiment’s name represents Notes: resistance-capacitance. You have seen how varying resistance and capacitance can affect the pulsing action of an oscillator. This experiment lets us see the effects when we can alter the strengths of both resistors and capacitors.

  • Page 83: Heat-Sensitive Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #65: HEAT-SENSITIVE OSCILLATOR know that transistor alters Notes: characteristics according to the temperature? This experiment will show you how temperature affects transistor action. View the schematic. The NPN transistor acts as a pulse oscillator. The 22kΩ resistor and the PNP transistor control the voltage applied to its base.

  • Page 84: Pulse Alarm

    EXPERIMENT #66: PULSE ALARM Now you will let one oscillator control another to Notes: create an alarm. Here we have a multivibrator-type oscillator controlling a pulse oscillator. The pulse oscillator produces frequency in the audible range (the range that our ears can hear, about 20 to 20k Hertz).

  • Page 85: Pushing & Pulling Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #67: PUSHING & PULLING OSCILLATOR In this experiment you will make a push/pull, square Notes: wave oscillator. This oscillator is known a push/pull because it uses two transistors that are connected to each other. They take turns maneuvering so that while one transistor is “pushing,”...

  • Page 86: Slow Shut-Off Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #68: SLOW SHUT-OFF OSCILLATOR You have seen how a capacitor’s charge/discharge Notes: cycle can be used to delay certain circuit operations. Now let’s slow the oscillator action in this project with a 470μF capacitor. Press and release the key. The circuit oscillates, but slowly shuts down as the capacitor charges up.
  • Page 87 EXPERIMENT #69: ELECTRONIC ORGAN OSCILLATOR This circuit has a multivibrator connected to a pulse Notes: type oscillator. Rather than turning the oscillator completely on and off, the multivibrator provides a tremolo effect (a wavering tone). After you build the circuit, use the control to vary the base current supplied to the NPN transistor.

  • Page 88: Viii. Meet The Operational Amplifier

    VIII. MEET THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER -88-...

  • Page 89: Operational Amplifier Comparator

    EXPERIMENT #70: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER COMPARATOR For this section you will need some basic Notes: understanding about the operational amplifier integrated circuit. First, we can use separate power sources or we can use one power source for both the circuit and the IC. The operational amplifier (often called “op amp”...

  • Page 90: Changing Input Voltage

    EXPERIMENT #71: CHANGING INPUT VOLTAGE After you finish the wiring, set the switch to position B. 11.8V. However, the actual output voltage will be limited by the available battery voltage, which is 1.5V LEDs 1 and 2 indicate the output voltage of the + 3.0V + 3.0V = 7.5V.

  • Page 91: Non-Inverting Dual Supply Op Amp

    EXPERIMENT #72: NON-INVERTING DUAL SUPPLY OP AMP In this experiment, you will make a microphone Notes: amplifier, using the operational amplifier (op amp) as a non-inverting amplifier with two power sources. The earphone acts as a microphone. Begin by sliding the switch to position B and finishing the wiring for the circuit.

  • Page 92: Inverting Dual Supply Op Amp

    EXPERIMENT #73: INVERTING DUAL SUPPLY OP AMP This is another two-power source microphone Notes: amplifier, but this one is an inverting amplifier. You will use the earphone as a microphone again. Slide the switch to position B and construct the circuit.

  • Page 93: Non-Inverting Amplifier

    EXPERIMENT #74: NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER In Projects 72 and 73 (“Non-inverting Dual Supply Notes: Op Amp,” and “Inverting Dual Supply Op Amp,” respectively), we used the operational amplifier with two power sources. In this experiment, we will make a single-power source, non-inverting microphone amplifier.

  • Page 94: Dual-Supply Differential Amplifier

    EXPERIMENT #75: DUAL-SUPPLY DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER This is the last in the series of microphone amplifiers. This circuit is simplified by using the speaker as a Now you will use the operational amplifier as a microphone. To use the earphone as in previous differential amplifier.

  • Page 95: Miller Integrating Circuit

    EXPERIMENT #76: MILLER INTEGRATING CIRCUIT You know that an LED promptly lights when you turn Notes: it on. You can also light it up gradually. In this project, you’ll be able to observe the LEDs slowly get brighter while you hold down the key. This circuit arrangement is called a Miller integrating circuit.

  • Page 96: Stable-Current Source

    EXPERIMENT #77: STABLE-CURRENT SOURCE In this experiment, we will make a constant current Notes: circuit, using an operational amplifier and a transistor. This circuit maintains a constant current even when the input voltage is changed, because more energy is used up in the circuit. View the schematic.

  • Page 97: Operational Amplifier Blinking Led

    EXPERIMENT #78: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER BLINKING LED Now you’re going to make a blinking LED circuit Notes: using an operational amplifier. In this experiment, an LED continuously lights and turns off slowly. Slide the switch to position B and connect the wires for this circuit.

  • Page 98: Led Flasher

    EXPERIMENT #79: LED FLASHER Begin by sliding the switch to position B and wiring Notes: the circuit. This LED flasher uses two diodes. As you build this experiment, be sure to connect these diodes in the correct direction. When you finish assembling the experiment, turn on the power by sliding the switch to position A, and press the key.

  • Page 99: Double Led Blinker

    EXPERIMENT #80: DOUBLE LED BLINKER The LED circuits in experiments 78 and 79 Notes: (“Operational Amplifier Blinking LED” and “LED Flasher”) each use one LED, but the circuit in this project uses two LEDs that take turns lighting. Slide the switch to position B and assemble the circuit. Then, turn the power on by sliding the switch to position A and wait for a few seconds.

  • Page 100: Single Flash Light

    EXPERIMENT #81: SINGLE FLASH LIGHT You’ve built many circuits using the operational Notes: amplifier, but there are lots of other ways to use this handy IC. One of them is the single flash multivibrator. With this multivibrator, you can make the LED stay on for a preset amount of time when the key is pressed - a single flash light.

  • Page 101: Introducing The Schmitt Trigger

    EXPERIMENT #82: INTRODUCING THE SCHMITT TRIGGER Now you are going to use the operational amplifier Notes: as a comparator and as a Schmitt trigger circuit. As long as its input voltage exceeds a certain value, the operational amplifier will produce a signal. View the schematic: can you see how it works? The input level that turns on the output is higher than the level than turns it off.

  • Page 102: Initials On Led Display

    EXPERIMENT #83: INITIALS ON LED DISPLAY The digital LED can’t display all 26 letters of the Notes: alphabet, but it’s possible to exhibit many of them. Let’s make an LED display that intersperse shows the initials E and P of our ELECTRONIC PLAYGROUND.

  • Page 103: Logic Testing Circuit

    EXPERIMENT #84: LOGIC TESTING CIRCUIT You know that digital circuits produce low or high (L Notes: or H) outputs (0 or 1). Now you’re going to create a logic tester that shows 1 for high level (H) and 0 for low level (L) on the LED display.

  • Page 104: Voice-Controlled Led

    EXPERIMENT #85: VOICE-CONTROLLED LED A microphone can be used to detect sound. Here you Notes: will make a circuit that lights the LED when the microphone detects sound, using the speaker as a microphone. Slide the switch to position B and construct the circuit.

  • Page 105: Buzzin' With The Op Amp

    EXPERIMENT #86: BUZZIN’ WITH THE OP AMP The operational amplifier (op amp) works well as an Notes: oscillator. In this experiment, you will build an electric buzzer that makes a continuous beep. By rotating the control you can change the tone of this buzzer. When you finish the wiring, set the control to the 12 o’clock position and press the key.

  • Page 106: Sweep Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #87: SWEEP OSCILLATOR The electronic buzzer we built in the previous circuit Notes: can only make a continuous beep, but we can make a similar circuit that produces various siren sounds. Your going to make a siren that gives out a sound with a variable pitch.

  • Page 107: Falling Bomb

    EXPERIMENT #88: FALLING BOMB Here’s another siren that alters its pitch. The siren we Notes: built in our last experiment alters pitch from low to high, but this one alters its pitch from high to low and finally stops making any sound. When it stops, press the key and the siren sound will start again.

  • Page 108: Alert Siren

    EXPERIMENT #89: ALERT SIREN The sirens in Projects 88 and 89 (“Sweep Oscillator” Notes: and “Falling Bomb”, respectively) adjust the pitch only in one direction. This circuit makes a low sound that becomes higher, and goes back to its original low sound.

  • Page 109: Crisis Siren

    EXPERIMENT #90: CRISIS SIREN This siren gives off alternating high and low sounds. Notes: Slide the switch to position B and construct the circuit. After you complete the wiring and slide the switch to position A, the power turns on and the speaker creates the sound of a two-pitch siren.

  • Page 110: Op Amp Metronome

    EXPERIMENT #91: OP AMP METRONOME This is the operational amplifier version of the Notes: electronic metronome from Project 3 (“Electronic Metronome”). Slide the switch to position B, and connect the wires carefully - this project is more intricate than most of the others. When you complete assembling the circuit, set the control to the 12 o’clock position, and slide the switch to position A to turn on the power.

  • Page 111: Burglar Buzzer

    EXPERIMENT #92: BURGLAR BUZZER This burglar alarm makes a buzzing sound when Notes: anyone sneaking into your house trips over a wire and breaks it off or disconnects it from a terminal. Try to figure out how to connect a switch to the door of your house, so that the alarm sounds when a burglar opens the door, instead of stretching out the wire.
  • Page 112 EXPERIMENT #93: GET UP SIREN Do you sleep late? Even if you do, don’t fear! Notes: Because you can make the siren in this circuit alarm so that wakes you up gradually as the day dawns. Set the switch to position B, construct the circuit, then set the switch to position A to turn it on.
  • Page 113 EXPERIMENT #94: TONE MIXER Want to create an amplifier that mixes two tones Notes: together? There are many different types of tone mixing circuits, but the operational amplifier is considered one of the best. After you complete the wiring, slide the switch to position A to turn on the power.
  • Page 114 EXPERIMENT #95: OP AMP POWER AMPLIFIER Now you are going to produce a loud sound by Notes: combining an operational amplifier with two transistors. After you finish the wiring, set the switch to position A to turn on the power. You hear a loud sound from the speaker when you press the key.
  • Page 115 EXPERIMENT #96: VCO VCO? What’s that? VCO stands for voltage Notes: controlled oscillator, and as the name implies, this oscillator changes its oscillation frequency according to the voltage applied to the circuit. The circuit creates two different output signals that have triangular and square waves.

  • Page 116: Ix. More Fun With Operational Amplifiers

    IX. MORE FUN WITH OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS -116-...

  • Page 117: Voice Power Meter

    EXPERIMENT #97: VOICE POWER METER In this experiment, you will create a voice input power Notes: meter. The brightness of the LED in this circuit changes according to the level of voice input that comes from the microphone (the earphone). Since voice levels change quickly, the brightness of the LED should also adjust quickly.

  • Page 118: Reset Circuit

    EXPERIMENT #98: RESET CIRCUIT Do you know what a reset circuit does? It activates allow the display to light. With the switch in position A, the battery voltage is increased to 9V, and the other circuits and detects any power fluctuations in order to prevent malfunctions.

  • Page 119: Rc Delay Timer

    EXPERIMENT #99: RC DELAY TIMER This circuit is a delayed timer that uses an Notes: operational amplifier and the RC time constant. RC stands for resistor/capacitor. A circuit that delays an operation is a time constant. Through resistors RA and RB the negative (–) terminal of the operational amplifier receives a voltage of about 4.5V.

  • Page 120: Listen To Alternating Current

    EXPERIMENT #100: LISTEN TO ALTERNATING CURRENT The circuit in this experiment allows you to hear Notes: alternating current. You probably know that the electric power running through your home is an alternating current. All your appliances that receive power from electric outlets operate on AC- including lamps.

  • Page 121: Pulse Frequency Multiplier

    EXPERIMENT #101: PULSE FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER This is a pulse frequency multiplier with one Notes: transistor. It doubles the frequency of the input signal, so it is also called a pulse frequency doubler. The operational amplifier IC acts as a square-wave oscillator.

  • Page 122: White Noise Maker

    EXPERIMENT #102: WHITE NOISE MAKER White noise is a noise that has a wide frequency Notes: range. One kind of white noise is the static noise you hear when you tune your FM radio to an area with no station. When you play electronic musical instruments, you can use white noise, a normally useless noise, as a sound source.

  • Page 123: Light-Controlled Sound

    EXPERIMENT #103: LIGHT-CONTROLLED SOUND This circuit changes the intervals between each Notes: sound according to the amount of light falling on the CdS cell. The sound changes continuously as you alter the light intensity. Build the circuit, and set the switch to position A to turn on the power.

  • Page 124: Dc-Dc Converter

    EXPERIMENT #104 DC-DC CONVERTER Here’s a DC-DC converter circuit; it can make 5VDC Notes: from 3VDC. Assemble the experiment, set the switch to position A, and see how this circuit works. The schematic shows how it works. IC 1 is an oscillator;...

  • Page 125: Super Sound Alarm

    EXPERIMENT #105: SUPER SOUND ALARM This circuit produces light and sound when it detects Notes: your voice or any other sound. The earphone acts as a microphone. IC 1 amplifies sounds picked up by the microphone. Diodes Da and Db rectify the amplified signal - that is, they convert the sound signal from AC to DC.

  • Page 126: Op Amp Three-Input "And" Gate

    EXPERIMENT #106: OP AMP THREE-INPUT “AND” GATE Who says an operational amplifier (op amp) can’t be Notes: used to make a digital circuit? Here, you will use one to make an AND gate. The LED display is the output device. If it displays nothing, at least one of the output signals is logical 0 or low;...

  • Page 127: Timer

    EXPERIMENT #107: TIMER Here’s a timer you can use for taking timed tests or Notes: simply for knowing when an amount of time has passed. You can preset this timer for up to approximately 15 minutes. When the time is up, it gives out a continuous buzzer sound until you turn off the power or press the key to reset the circuit.

  • Page 128: Cooking Timer

    EXPERIMENT #108: COOKING TIMER Wouldn’t you like to make a kitchen timer that you can Notes: use for cooking meals? This circuit gives out a buzzer sound for 1 to 2 seconds and automatically stops. Slide the switch to position B, build the circuit, and set the switch to position A to turn it on.

  • Page 129: X. Radio And Communication Circuits

    X. RADIO AND COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS -129-...

  • Page 130: Operational Amplifier Am Radio

    EXPERIMENT #109: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AM RADIO In emergency situations when there is no power, a Notes: germanium diode radio can be used. Generally they do not perform well and limited to using and crystal earphone since they have no power source. In this circuit, we will use an operational amplifier so you can hear the radio through the speaker.

  • Page 131: Am Code Transmitter

    EXPERIMENT #110: AM CODE TRANSMITTER This circuit is a simplified but effective code transmitter Notes: similar the kind used by military and amateur radio operators around the world. As the key is pressed and released, the transmitter turns on and off in sequence. The code send out by the transmitter can be received using an AM radio.

  • Page 132: Am Radio Station

    EXPERIMENT #111: AM RADIO STATION This AM radio station circuit lets you actually transmit Notes: your voice through the air. When you completed wiring the circuit, tune your AM radio a weak station or place with no stations. Place the AM radio close to the circuit since the signal can only transmitted a few feet.

  • Page 133: Crystal Set Radio

    EXPERIMENT #112: CRYSTAL SET RADIO The crystal radio is one of the oldest and simplest Notes: radio circuits, which most people in electronics have experimented with. In the days before vacuum tubes or transistors, people used crystal circuit sets to pick up radio signals.

  • Page 134: Two-Transistor Radio

    EXPERIMENT #113: TWO-TRANSISTOR RADIO This radio circuit uses two-transistor receiver with Notes: enough gain (amplification) to drive the speaker. These simple radios require a good antenna and ground system. Wire the circuit and use terminal 74 as the ground terminal. Connect the antenna to terminal 95 or 97.

  • Page 135: Morse Code Oscillator With Tone Control

    EXPERIMENT #114: MORSE CODE OSCILLATOR WITH TONE CONTROL Do you want to become an amateur radio ham? Notes: Many radio operators started out using an oscillator with a tone control like this one. Listening to the same tone for a long time can be very tiring, so the tone control in this experiment can be very helpful.

  • Page 136: Xi. Test And Measurement Circuits

    XI. TEST AND MEASUREMENT CIRCUITS -136-...

  • Page 137: Water Level Warning

    EXPERIMENT #115: WATER LEVEL WARNING This experiment uses the LED and an audio oscillator Notes: alarm to indicate three different levels of water in a container. The water is used as a conductor to complete the circuits and show the water level. When the water is below all three of the wire connections, only the bottom segment (D) of the LED is on (indicating a low water level).

  • Page 138: Water Level Alarm

    EXPERIMENT #116: WATER LEVEL ALARM This circuit is a radio transmitter/alarm for monitoring provide the quickest results. rising water levels such as on rivers, dams, and Place an AM radio receiver nearby and tune it to a spillways, and sends alarm signals to a standard AM weak station.

  • Page 139: Audio Signal Hunter

    EXPERIMENT #117: AUDIO SIGNAL HUNTER This experiment is a simple transistor audio amplifier Notes: used as an audio signal tracer. You can use this amplifier to troubleshoot transistor audio equipment. You can connect the wires to different terminals in the circuit until you find the stage or component that does not pass the signal along when a circuit is not working correctly.

  • Page 140: Rf Signal Tracer

    EXPERIMENT #118: RF SIGNAL TRACER This experiment is a wide band, untuned RF signal Notes: tracer. You can use it to check for antenna signals and find sources of RF noise and interference. This circuit is like an untuned crystal set. The 100pF capacitor in the input blocks DC and the 60Hz power line frequency, so the wires can touch almost anywhere without fear of electrical shock.

  • Page 141: Square Wave Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #119: SQUARE WAVE OSCILLATOR Multivibrator oscillators produce square waves, and Notes: you can use square waves as test signals. You should be familiar with multivibrator circuits from previous experiments. The name square wave comes from the pattern produced by the signal on an oscilloscope (shown below).

  • Page 142: Sawtooth Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #120: SAWTOOTH OSCILLATOR When you connect the signal from this oscillator to Notes: an oscilloscope, it creates a pattern that looks like the teeth of a saw (as shown below). The shape of this wave results from the slow charging of the 0.1μF capacitor through the control and the 100kΩ...

  • Page 143: Audio Continuity Tester

    EXPERIMENT #121: AUDIO CONTINUITY TESTER This circuit emits a sound if the material you are Notes: checking transmits electricity. This is convenient when you are looking at wires, terminals, or other things and cannot look at a signal lamp or LED. Your ears will detect the results of the test while your eyes are busy.

  • Page 144: Audio Rain Detector

    EXPERIMENT #122: AUDIO RAIN DETECTOR This circuit works as a rain detector. This circuit stays Notes: off and draws no current if the resistance between the long wires is more than about 250kΩ, whether the key is open or closed. The speaker produces a tone when the key is closed and water (or anything else that has a resistance of less than about 250kΩ) is connected to both of the test wires.

  • Page 145: Audio Metal Detector

    EXPERIMENT #123: AUDIO METAL DETECTOR This experiment demonstrates how a metal detector Notes: works. When the coil gets close to something that is made of metal, the oscillator changes in frequency. This type of metal detector has been used to locate lost treasures, buried pipes, hidden land mines, and so on.

  • Page 146: Water Level Buzzer

    EXPERIMENT #124: WATER LEVEL BUZZER You can use the operational amplifier as a Notes: comparator for detecting changes in voltage. In this experiment, you are going to use this comparator function to make a water buzzer that sounds when the wire ends come into contact with water. Slide the switch to position B, build the circuit, and then slide the switch to position A to turn on the circuit.
  • Page 147 EXPERIMENT #125: PULSE TONE GENERATOR This experiment is a pulse-tone oscillator with an Notes: adjustable frequency that can obtain a wide range of notes. You can play tunes on it that sound like an electronic organ, but it takes some practice. To play a tune, modify the control to the proper note and press the key.

  • Page 148: Resistance Tester

    EXPERIMENT #126: RESISTANCE TESTER If you use a meter you can find the exact value of a Notes: resistance; but when you only want to know approximate resistance values, you can use this resistance tester. This circuit converts resistance to electric current and compares it with the comparator’s reference current to tell you the approximate range of resistance.

  • Page 149: Transistor Tester

    EXPERIMENT #127: TRANSISTOR TESTER Transistors are very important, and you may need to Notes: test them to be sure they are working. You can’t tell if one is working just by looking at it, but this circuit lets you test them. This circuit also checks whether a transistor is a PNP or an NPN.

  • Page 150: Sine Wave Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #128: SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR This oscillator circuit produces a sine wave signal. A Notes: sine wave (or sinusoid) is a wave of pure single- frequency tone. As an example, a 400Hz sine wave is a wave that oscillates 400 cycles in one second and contains no other frequency contents.

  • Page 151: Sine Wave Oscillator With Low Distortion

    EXPERIMENT #129: SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR WITH LOW DISTORTION In this experiment, you build and study a low-distortion Notes: sine wave oscillator. Build this experiment after you have built and studied the previous experiment because this one has no transformer; transformers are likely to cause distortion because of their non- linear characteristics.

  • Page 152: Twin-T Oscillator

    EXPERIMENT #130 TWIN-T OSCILLATOR The twin-T type audio oscillator is very popular for Notes: use with electronic organs and electronic test equipment because it is very stable. The resistors and capacitors in the twin-T network determine the frequency of oscillation. The letter T is used because the resistors and capacitors are arranged in the shape of the letter T in the schematic diagram.

  • Page 153: Index

    INDEX We’ve added this listing to aid you in finding Do you want to learn more about a specific type of experiments and circuits that you might be especially circuit? Use this Index to look up all the other uses interested in.
  • Page 154 LOGIC AND COMPUTER CIRCUITS AND Gate: 29, 36, 39, 40 Data: DTL: 29, 30, 31, 33, 35 Exclusive OR: 33, 44 Flip-flop: 27, 28, 38, 43, 58, 59 Inverting: 70, 72, 73, 74, 85, 95, Line: NAND Gate: 31, 41 NOR Gate: OR Gate: 37, 42, 44, 45...

  • Page 155: Parts List

    PARTS LIST Bar Antenna with Holder PCB for LM358 Battery Box Plastic (2) Resistors Capacitors 100Ω 5% 1/4W (4) 10pF, ceramic disc type 470Ω 5% 1/4W 100pF, ceramic disc type 1kΩ k k 5% 1/4W 0.001μF, ceramic disc type 2.2kΩ k k 5% 1/4W 0.01μF, ceramic disc type 4.7kΩ...

  • Page 156: Definition Of Terms

    DEFINITION OF TERMS Common abbreviation Carbon A chemical element used to alternating current. make resistors. Clockwise In the direction in which the Alternating Current A current that is constantly hands of a clock rotate. changing. Coil When something is wound in a Amplitude modulation.
  • Page 157 Electric Field The region of electric attraction Inductance The ability of a wire to create an or repulsion around a constant induced voltage when voltage. This usually current varies, due to magnetic associated with the dielectric in effects. a capacitor. Inductor A component that opposes Electricity...
  • Page 158 Ohm’s Law relationship between resistance than conductors but voltage, current, and resistance. less than insulators. It is used to construct diodes, transistors, Ohm, (Ω Ω ) unit measure and integrated circuits. resistance. Series When electrical components Oscillator A circuit that uses feedback to are connected one after the generate an AC output.

  • Page 159: Identifying Resistor Values

    IDENTIFYING RESISTOR VALUES Use the following information as a guide in properly identifying the value of resistors. BAND 1 BAND 2 Multiplier Resistance 1st Digit 2nd Digit Tolerance Color Digit Color Digit Color Multiplier Color Tolerance BANDS Black Black Black Silver ±10% Multiplier...
  • Page 160 ELENCO ® 150 Carpenter Avenue Wheeling, IL 60090 (847) 541-3800 Website: www.elenco.com e-mail: elenco@elenco.com...

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