Yamaha Power Assist Wabash Owner's Manual
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Yamaha Power Assist Wabash Owner's Manual

Yamaha Power Assist Wabash Owner's Manual

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OWNER'S MANUAL
LIT-15626-00-05
X1M-F8199-14
* Product and specifications are subject to change without notice.

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  • Page 1 OWNER’S MANUAL LIT-15626-00-05 X1M-F8199-14 * Product and specifications are subject to change without notice.
  • Page 3 Introduction Thank you for choosing a Yamaha Power Assist Bicycle. This model is the result of Yamaha’s vast experience in the production of fine sporting, touring, and pacesetting racing machines. It represents the high degree of craftsmanship and reliability that have made Yamaha a leader in these fields.

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Contents General warning A special note for parents 1. First A. Bike fit B. Safety first C. Mechanical safety check D. First ride 2. Safety A. Basics B. Riding safety C. Off road safety D. Wet weather riding E. Night riding F.
  • Page 6 Appendix A p. 85 Intended use of your bicycle p. 85 Appendix B p. 90 The lifespan of your bike and its components p. 90 Appendix C p. 97 Fastener torque specifications p. 97...

  • Page 7: General Warning

    General warning Like any sport, bicycling involves risk of injury and damage. By choosing to ride a bicycle, you assume the responsibility for that risk, so you need to know — and to practice — the rules of safe and responsible riding and of proper use and maintenance. Proper use and maintenance of your bicycle reduces risk of injury.

  • Page 8: A Special Note For Parents

    A special note for parents WARNING This manual does not cover Juvenile or BMX bicycles. As a parent or guardian, you are responsible for the activities and safety of your minor child, and that includes making sure that the bicycle is properly fitted to the child; that it is in good repair and safe operating condition;...

  • Page 9: First

    1. First We strongly urge you to read this manual in its entirety before your first ride. At the very least, read and make sure that you understand each point in this section, and refer to the cited sections on any issue which you don’t completely understand. Please note that not all bicycles have all of the features described in this manual.
  • Page 10 and component, the correct tightening force or torque cannot be generalized. To make sure that the many fasteners on your bicycle are correctly tightened, refer to “Fastener torque specifications” in Appendix C of this manual or to the torque specifications in the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the component in question.

  • Page 11: First Ride

    braking surface wears. A visible rim wear indicator on the side of the wheel rim is an indication that the wheel rim has reached its maximum usable life. Riding a wheel that is at the end of its usable life can result in wheel failure, which can cause you to lose control and fall.
  • Page 12 brake application and rider weight shifts. See paragraph B.6 above and Section 4.F. Practice shifting the gears (see Section 4.D). Remember to never move the shifter while pedaling backward, nor pedal backwards immediately after having moved the shifter. This could jam the chain and cause serious damage to the bicycle. Check out the handling and response of the bike;...

  • Page 13: Safety

    2. Safety A. Basics WARNING The area in which you ride may require specific safety devices. It is your responsibility to familiarize yourself with the laws of the area where you ride and to comply with all applicable laws, including properly equipping yourself and your bike as the law requires.

  • Page 14: Off Road Safety

    cyclists. Respect their rights. 3. Ride defensively. Always assume that others do not see you. 4. Look ahead, and be ready to avoid: • Vehicles slowing or turning, entering the road or your lane ahead of you, or coming up behind you. •...

  • Page 15: Wet Weather Riding

    2. Wear safety gear appropriate to the kind of riding you plan to do. 3. Don’t ride alone in remote areas. Even when riding with others, make sure that someone knows where you’re going and when you expect to be back. 4.

  • Page 16: Extreme, Stunt Or Competition Riding

    death. Bicycle reflectors are designed to pick up and reflect car lights and street lights in a way that may help you to be seen and recognized as a moving bicyclist. NOTICE Check reflectors and their mounting brackets regularly to make sure that they are clean, straight, unbroken and securely mounted.

  • Page 17: Changing Components Or Adding Accessories

    Riding, Racing or something else: if you engage in this sort of extreme, aggressive riding you will get hurt, and you voluntarily assume a greatly increased risk of injury or death. Not all bicycles are designed for these types of riding, and those that are may not be suitable for all types of aggressive riding.
  • Page 18 Before installing any component or accessory, including but not limited to a different size tire, a lighting system, a luggage rack, a child seat, a trailer, etc., make sure that it is compatible with your bicycle by checking with your dealer. Be sure to read, understand and follow the instructions that accompany the products you purchase for your bicycle.

  • Page 19: Fit

    3. Fit Correct fit is an essential element of bicycling safety, performance and comfort. Making the adjustments to your bicycle which result in correct fit for your body and riding conditions requires experience, skill and special tools. Always have your dealer make the adjustments on your bicycle;...

  • Page 20: Saddle Position

    B. Saddle position Correct saddle adjustment is an important factor in getting the most performance and comfort from your bicycle. If the saddle position is not comfortable for you, see your dealer. The saddle can be adjusted in three directions: 1.
  • Page 21 WARNING If your seat post is not inserted in the seat tube as described in B.1 above, the seat post, binder or even frame may break, which could cause you to lose control and fall. 2. Front and back adjustment. The saddle can be adjusted forward or back to help you get the optimal position on the bike.

  • Page 22: Handlebar Height And Angle

    Saddles, like people, come in many different shapes, sizes and resilience. Your dealer can help you select a saddle which, when correctly adjusted for your body and riding style, will be comfortable. WARNING Some people have claimed that extended riding with a saddle which is incorrectly adjusted or which does not support your pelvic area correctly can cause short-term or long-term injury to nerves and blood vessels, or even impotence.

  • Page 23: Control Position Adjustments

    make the adjustment yourself, as changing stem angle may also require adjustments to the bicycle’s controls. WARNING Always tighten fasteners to the correct torque. Bolts that are too tight can stretch and deform. Bolts that are too loose can move and fatigue. Either mistake can lead to a sudden failure of the bolt, causing you to lose control and fall.

  • Page 25: Tech

    4. Tech It’s important to your safety, performance and enjoyment to understand how things work on your bicycle. We urge you to ask your dealer how to do the things described in this section before you attempt them yourself, and that you have your dealer check your work before you ride the bike.
  • Page 27 It is very important that you understand the type of wheel securing method on your bicycle, that you know how to secure the wheels correctly, and that you know how to apply the correct clamping force that safely secures the wheel. Ask your dealer to instruct you in correct wheel removal and installation, and ask him to give you any available manufacturer’s instructions.
  • Page 28 a. Adjusting the traditional cam action mechanism (fig. 8a) The wheel hub is clamped in place by the force of the over-center cam pushing against one dropout and pulling the tension adjusting nut, by way of the skewer, against the other dropout. The amount of clamping force is controlled by the tension adjusting nut.
  • Page 29 contacts anything, it might not be closed; place the lever on the other side of the hub or replace the quick-release. a. Removing a disc brake or rim brake Front Wheel (1) If your bike has rim brakes, disengage the brake’s quick-release mechanism to increase the clearance between the tire and the brake pads (See Section 4.C fig.
  • Page 30 (b) With a through-bolt or bolt-on system, tighten the fasteners to the torque specifications in Appendix C or the hub manufacturer’s instructions. If, on a traditional cam action system, the lever cannot be pushed all the way to a position parallel to the fork blade, return the lever to the OPEN position. Then turn the tension adjusting nut counterclockwise a quarter turn and try tightening the lever again.

  • Page 31: Seat Post Cam Action Clamp

    disc brake’s control lever unless the disc is correctly inserted in the caliper. (1) With a cam action system, move the cam lever to the OPEN position (see fig. 8a & b). The lever should be on the side of the wheel opposite the derailleur and freewheel sprockets.

  • Page 32: Brakes

    the binder uses an over-center cam action to firmly clamp the seat post (see fig. 8a). WARNING Riding with an improperly tightened seat post can allow the saddle to turn or move and cause you to lose control and fall. Therefore: 1.
  • Page 33 (fig. 12), are extremely powerful. Take extra care in becoming familiar with these brakes and exercise particular care when using them. 4. Some bicycle brakes are equipped with a brake force modulator, a small, cylindrical device through which the brake control cable runs and which is designed to provide a more progressive application of braking force.

  • Page 34: Shifting Gears

    2. How brakes work The braking action of a bicycle is a function of the friction between the braking surfaces. To make sure that you have maximum friction available, keep your wheel rims and brake pads or the disc rotor and caliper clean and free of dirt, lubricants, waxes or polishes. Brakes are designed to control your speed, not just to stop the bike.
  • Page 35 a. Shifting Gears There are several different types and styles of shifting controls: levers, twist grips, triggers, combination shift/brake controls and push-buttons. Ask your dealer to explain the type of shifting controls that are on your bike, and to show you how they work.
  • Page 36 gear” which is right for your level of ability — a gear which is hard enough for quick acceleration but easy enough to let you start from a stop without wobbling — and ex p er iment w it h upshi f t ing and downshifting to get a feel for the different gear combinations.

  • Page 37: Pedals

    find the “starting gear” for the conditions — a gear which is hard enough for quick acceleration but easy enough to let you start from a stop without wobbling — and experiment with upshifting and downshifting to get a feel for the different gears.

  • Page 38: Bicycle Suspension

    only be acquired with practice. Until it becomes a reflex action, the technique requires concentration which can distract your attention and cause you to lose control and fall. Practice the use of toeclips and straps where there are no obstacles, hazards or traffic. Keep the straps loose, and don’t tighten them until your technique and confidence in getting in and out of the pedals warrants it.

  • Page 39: Tires And Tubes

    WARNING Changing suspension adjustment can change the handling and braking characteristics of your bicycle. Never change suspension adjustment unless you are thoroughly familiar with the suspension system manufacturer’s instructions and recommendations, and always check for changes in the handling and braking characteristics of the bicycle after a suspension adjustment by taking a careful test ride in a hazard-free area.
  • Page 40 specify maximum tire pressure with a label on the rim. WARNING Never inflate a tire beyond the maximum pressure marked on the tire’s sidewall or the wheel rim. If the maximum pressure rating for the wheel rim is lower than the maximum pressure shown on the tire, always use the lower rating.
  • Page 41 2. Tire Valves There are primarily two kinds of bicycle tire valves: The Schraeder Valve and the Presta Valve. The bicycle pump you use must have the fitting appropriate to the valve stems on your bicycle. The Schraeder valve (fig. 18a) is like the valve on a car tire. To inflate a Schraeder valve tire, remove the valve cap and clamp the pump fitting onto the end of the valve stem.

  • Page 43: Electric Bike Components

    5. Electric bike components A. Introduction The Bluetooth word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by the Bluetooth SIG, Inc. ® and any use of such marks by YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD. is under license.

  • Page 44: Location Of The Warning And Specification Labels

    B. Location of the warning and specification labels Read and understand all of the labels on your bicycle, battery pack and battery charger. These la- bels contain important information for safe and proper operation. Never remove any labels from your bicycle, battery pack and battery charger: How to disconnect the plug.

  • Page 45: Description

    C. Description Right side Saddle Handlebar stem Front reflector Bell Rear reflector Steerer tube Seat post Headlight Head tube Seat post clamp Handlebar Wheel reflector Seat tube Wheel reflector Frame Crank Pedal reflector Tire valve Chain Drive unit Pedal Tire valve Left side Display unit Battery lock...

  • Page 46: E-Bike Systems

    D. E-Bike Systems The e-Bike Systems are designed to give you the optimal amount of power assist. It assists you within a standard range based on factors such as your pedaling strength, bicycle speed, and current gear. The e-Bike Systems do not assist in the following situations: •...
  • Page 47 Following range gives an idea of how far you can ride on a single charge. • 13 to 77 miles* * This data was prepared by Yamaha based on the original riding pattern. This figure could vary depending on several factors.

  • Page 48: Safety Information

    Safety information Never use this battery charger to charge other electrical appliances. Do not use any other charger or charging method to recharge the special batter- ies. Using any other charger could result in fire, explosion, or damage the batter- ies.
  • Page 49 Do not touch the battery pack or battery charger while it is charging. As the bat- tery pack or battery charger reaches 104–158 °F (40–70 °C) during charging, touching it could result in burns. Do not use if the battery pack case is damaged, cracked, or if you smell any unu- sual odors.
  • Page 50 Do not use the wireless function with Bluetooth low energy technology in areas such as hospitals or medical institutions where use of electronic equipment or wireless equipment is prohibited. Otherwise, this could affect the medical equip- ment, etc. and cause an accident. When using the wireless function with Bluetooth low energy technology, keep the display at a safe distance from heart pacemakers in use.

  • Page 51: Instrument And Control Functions

    F. Instrument and control functions Display unit Assist mode lamp Battery capacity Speedometer indicator Assist mode switch (up) Bluetooth indicator Assist power meter Assist mode indicator Function display Assist mode switch (down) Function select switch Power switch Light switch USB receptacle...

  • Page 52: Display Unit

    X1M00 FCC ID : 2ADBKX0P00 Brand name : YAMAHA Product name : X1M Meter Model no. : X1M00, X1M10 Manufacturer name : YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD. MADE IN CHINA NOTICE Federal Communication Commission Interfer- ence Statement This equipment has been tested and found to comply...
  • Page 53 FCC Radiation Exposure Statement: This equipment complies with FCC RF radiation expo- sure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 0.2 inch (0.5 cm) between the radiator and your body. This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.
  • Page 54 2 Power “On/Off” Each time you press the power switch, the power switches between “On” and “Off”. When you turn on the power, the animation will be dis- played. After that, the battery capacity indicator, speedometer, as- sist power meter, Bluetooth indicator, the function display, and “OFF”...

  • Page 55: Battery Capacity Indicator

    • Further pressing of the assist mode switch will not cy- cle the assist mode selections. Assist power • In the Off mode, the assist power meter are not dis- meter played. • You can keep the assist mode lamp unlit. For more information, see “Stopwatch and settings”.
  • Page 56 2 Function display The function display can display the following functions. • Odometer • Trip meter • Average bicycle speed • Maximum bicycle speed • Remaining assist distance • Battery capacity (%) • Cadence • Clock Function display Push the function select switch, the display changes as fol- lows: Odometer ...
  • Page 57 7 Remaining assist distance This displays an estimate of the distance (in miles or kilo- meters) that can be ridden with assist on the residual bat- tery capacity of the battery installed. If you switch the as- sist mode when the remaining assist distance is displayed, the estimate of the distance that can be ridden with assist changes.
  • Page 58 2 Stopwatch and settings The display enables the following. • STOPWATCH Stopwatch function • TIME ADJ (TIME ADJUST) Clock setting • DIST UNIT (DISTANCE UNIT) mile/km setting • DSPL ITEM (DISPLAY ITEM) Sets the items to be displayed in the function display during normal riding.
  • Page 59 7 STOPWATCH The stopwatch counts time in seconds up to a maximum of 9 hours 59 minutes 59 seconds. If this maximum is reached, it will automatically start over from 0 (zero) and continue counting. • TIME MEASUREMENT Use the function select switch to start and stop time measurement.
  • Page 60 7 TIME ADJ (TIME ADJUST) You can adjust the time of the clock. 1. Check that the “Hour” is flashing and adjust the hour by using the assist mode switches (up & down). 2. Press the function select switch to adjust the minutes. 3.
  • Page 61 7 DSPL ITEM (DISPLAY ITEM) You can select to show or hide different items in the func- tion display during normal riding. The items which you can select to show or hide are: TRIP (trip meter), AVE (average bicycle speed), MAX (maxi- mum bicycle speed), DIST (remaining assist distance), BATTERY (battery capacity (%)), CADENCE (cadence), and TIME (clock).
  • Page 62 7 RESET You can reset the TRIP (trip meter), AVE (average bicycle speed), and MAX (maximum bicycle speed) values. You cannot reset the odometer. 1. Select an item by using the assist mode switches (up & down) and use the function select switch to place a check mark in the check box for the item that you want to reset.
  • Page 63 1. Select “CSCP”, “CPP”, or “OFF” by using the assist mode switches (up & down). 2. When you press the function select switch at the de- sired item display, the setting will be kept and the main riding display will be shown. Selection of “CSCP”, “CPP”, or “OFF”...

  • Page 64: Diagnosis Mode

    7 LED You can select to light up the assist mode lamp according Assist mode lamp to the assist mode or keep the assist mode lamp unlit all the time. When “ON” is selected, the assist mode lamp will light up according to the assist mode.

  • Page 65: Power Supply To External Devices

    2 Power supply to external devices Power can be supplied to most external devices (e.g. vari- ous smart phones etc.) by connecting a commercial USB 2.0 OTG cable. [To supply power] 1. Open the USB receptacle cap of the display. 2.
  • Page 66 For more information, see the instruction manual of the wireless communication equipment. * “####” of “Yamaha ####” is a combination of irregular al- phanumeric characters. • Keep the distance between the display and wireless communication equipment within 3 ft (1 m). The maxi- mum communication distance of this equipment is 3 ft (1 m).

  • Page 67: Battery Pack And Charging Procedure

    • Its performance decreases in extremely hot or cold en- vironments. • It naturally loses its charge. Charger The battery pack for the Yamaha e-Bike Systems also has display Charging plug an embedded computer which notifies you of estimated residual battery capacity and suspected faults via the bat- Power plug tery capacity indicator lamp.
  • Page 68 NOTICE This battery charger has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a ClassB digital device, pur- suant to part 15 of FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable pro- tection against harmful interference in a residential installation.
  • Page 69 Inappropriate charging environments and solutions The hot and cold environments described below can cause charging to enter standby or suspen- sion without fully charging the battery. • Summertime charging standby/suspension If charging in a location receiving direct summer sunlight or immediately after riding, the battery charger might enter charging standby (all four battery capacity indicator lamps flash slowly).
  • Page 70 4. The battery capacity indicator lamps will light up one by one until all four are on. Then, when charging is com- plete, all of the lamps will go off. 5. Confirm that charging is complete, and then disconnect the charging plug from the battery pack. Lock-release ring How to disconnect the plug (see the left figure) Grasp the lock-release ring.
  • Page 71 • Be sure to connect the charging plug only after the charging connector on the battery pack is com- pletely dry. Otherwise the battery charger and battery pack may malfunction. • Do not apply excessive force to the charging plug or pull on the cord with the charging plug connect- ed to the battery pack.
  • Page 72 Top of the case Battery pack mounting method Battery bottom • Insert the battery in the direction of the arrow so that the battery bottom is aligned to the top of the case. • Insert the upper part of the battery in the direction of the arrow so that the battery handle is aligned to the top of the battery lock.
  • Page 73 Reading the charging status Battery Battery capacity indicator Current Details charger lamp lamps status Lit power lamps indicate the amount of charging completed. A flashing power lamp indicates current progress. During charging, the battery Charging capacity indicator lamps light up one by one. (Example: Battery is approximately 50–75 % charged.)
  • Page 74 For example, even if normal charging is started, if the battery temperature or the surrounding tem- perature is too high or too low, the charging may be extended or charging may be stopped without the battery being charged sufficiently in order to protect the battery. Charging time guidelines Although charging time varies depending on residual bat- Charging...

  • Page 75: Checking The Residual Battery Capacity

    H. Checking the residual battery capacity You can check the estimate of how much capacity is left in the battery and to what extent it is charged. The check can be performed using either the display unit’s residual battery capacity indi- cator or the battery’s residual battery capacity indicator lamps.
  • Page 76 Display of the battery capacity indicator lamps and the estimate of the residual battery capacity When checking the residual battery capacity, push the battery capacity indicator button “ ”. Estimate of Display of the battery capacity the residual Applicable situation indicator lamps battery capacity...

  • Page 77: Pre-Operation Check

    I. Pre-operation check WARNING Be sure to perform the inspection before riding the bicycle. If there is anything you do not understand or find difficult, please consult a bicycle dealer. NOTICE • If you confirm there is a fault, have your bicycle inspected at a dealer as soon as possi- ble.

  • Page 78: Transport

    Storage Store the bicycle in a place that is: • Flat and stable • Well ventilated and free from moisture • Sheltered from the elements and from direct sunlight Long storage period (1 month or longer) and using it again after a long storage period •...

  • Page 79: Consumer Information

    L. Consumer information Disposal The Drive Unit, battery pack, battery charger, display unit, speed sensor set, accessories and packaging should be sorted for environmental-friendly recycling. Do not dispose of the bicycle or its components as house- hold waste. WARNING Do not dispose of the battery pack in a fire or expose it to a heat source.

  • Page 80: Troubleshooting

    M. Troubleshooting E-Bike Systems Symptom Check Action Press the power switch on the display Is the display unit’s power on? unit to turn the power on. Is the battery pack Install a charged battery pack. installed? Is the battery pack Charge the battery pack.
  • Page 81 Symptom Check Action The assist mode lamp lights up in red, the main riding display and “ER” are displayed alternately, and an error description is indicated in the function display. There is a problem in the e-Bike Systems. Turn off the power and then turn it on again.
  • Page 82 Symptom Check Action An assist mode lamp lights up in red and an error description is indicated in the function display. The speed sensor cannot detect a correct signal. Turn off the power to the display unit and then turn it on again. Select the assist mode and then ride for a short distance.

  • Page 83: Battery Pack And Charger

    Wireless communication with Bluetooth low energy technology Symptom Check Action Are both the wireless communication settings of the display unit and your wireless communication Set the communication profiles by equipment turned on? Wireless referring to “Stopwatch and settings”, Are the communication communication and then set the correct communication profiles of the wireless...
  • Page 84 Symptom Check Action Remove the battery pack from the bicycle. Then connect the charging plug into the battery pack. (If battery capacity indicator lamps still flash alternatively, there might be a fault in the battery There is a contact fault pack).
  • Page 85 Symptom Check Action Has the charger plug been unplugged or the After charging, all of Charge the battery pack again. battery pack removed the battery capacity during charging? indicator lamps do not light up when the Did you start charging Move to a location where the battery battery capacity with the battery pack at...

  • Page 86: Specifications

    N. Specifications Range of assist speed 0 to less than 20 mph Type Brushless DC type Electric motor Maximum 30 minutes 500 W power Control method depends on Assist power control method pedaling torque and bicycle speed PASB4 (X1M-10) Type (Lithium-ion battery) Battery Voltage...
  • Page 87 • YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD. can not be held liable in any way for damages or other loss result- ing from information leaks during the communication via Bluetooth low energy technology.

  • Page 88: Service

    6. Service WARNING Technological advances have made bicycles and bicycle components more complex, and the pace of innovation is increasing. It is impossible for this manual to provide all the information required to properly repair and/or maintain your bicycle. In order to help minimize the chances of an accident and possible injury, it is critical that you have any repair or maintenance which is not specifically described in this manual performed by your dealer.
  • Page 89 bike is first used and may require readjustment by your dealer. Your Mechanical Safety Check (Section 1.C) will help you identify some things that need readjustment. But even if everything seems fine to you, it’s best to take your bike back to the dealer for a checkup.

  • Page 90: If Your Bicycle Sustains An Impact

    your bicycle or of individual components may be covered by a warranty for a specified period of time by the manufacturer, this is no guarantee that the product will last the term of the warranty. Product life is often related to the kind of riding you do and to the treatment to which you submit the bicycle.

  • Page 91: Intended Use Of Your Bicycle

    Appendix A Intended use of your bicycle WARNING Understand your bike and its intended use. Choosing the wrong bicycle for your purpose can be hazardous. Using your bike the wrong way is dangerous. No one type of bicycle is suited for all purposes. Your retailer can help you pick the “right tool for the job”...

  • Page 92: General Purpose Riding

    General Purpose Riding CONDITION 2 Bikes designed for riding Condition 1, plus smooth gravel roads and improved trails with moderate grades where the tires do not lose ground contact. INTENDED For paved roads, gravel or dirt roads that are in good condition, and bike paths.

  • Page 93: All Mountain

    All Mountain CONDITION 4 Bikes designed for riding Conditions 1, 2, and 3, plus rough technical areas, moderately sized obstacles, and small jumps. INTENDED For trail and uphill riding. All-Mountain bicycles are: (1) more heavy duty than cross country bikes, but less heavy duty than Freeride bikes, (2) lighter and more nimble than Freeride bikes, (3) heavier and have more suspension travel than a cross country bike, allowing them to be ridden in more difficult terrain, over larger obstacles...
  • Page 94 reality. In this kind of riding, bad judgment, bad luck, or riding beyond your capabilities can easily result in an accident, where you could be seriously injured, paralyzed or killed. NOT INTENDED To be an excuse to try anything. Read Section 2.F. TRADE OFF Freeride bikes are more rugged than All-Mountain bikes, for riding more difficult terrain.

  • Page 95: Road Tandems

    Road Tandems CONDITION 1 Bikes designed for riding on a paved surface where the tires do not lose ground contact. INTENDED Are designed to be ridden on paved roads only. They are not designed for mountain biking or off-road use. NOT INTENDED Road tandem should not be taken off-road or used as a mountain tandem.

  • Page 96: The Lifespan Of Your Bike And Its Components

    Appendix B The lifespan of your bike and its components 1. Nothing Lasts Forever, Including Your Bike When the useful life of your bike or its components is over, continued use is hazardous. Every bicycle and its component parts have a finite, limited useful life. The length of that life will vary with the construction and materials used in the frame and components;...

  • Page 97: Understanding Metals

    determine how and how frequently to inspect. Ignoring this WARNING can lead to frame, fork or other component failure, which can result in serious injury or death. A. Understanding metals Steel is the traditional material for building bicycle frames. It has good characteristics, but in high performance bicycles, steel has been largely replaced by aluminum and some titanium.
  • Page 98 The basics of metal fatigue Common sense tells us that nothing that is used lasts forever. The more you use something, and the harder you use it, and the worse the conditions you use it in, the shorter its life. Fatigue is the term used to describe accumulated damage to a part caused by repeated loading.
  • Page 99 • SOME CRACKS (particularly larger ones) MAY SIMPLE RULE 5 : Investigate and MAKE CREAKING NOISE AS YOU RIDE. find the source of any noise. It may Think about such a noise as a serious warning not a be a crack, but whatever is signal.
  • Page 100 “composite bike.” Carbon fiber composites are typically a strong, light fiber in a matrix of plastic, molded to form a shape. Carbon composites are light relative to metals. Steel weighs 7.8 g/cm (grams per cubic centimeter), titanium 4.5 g/cm , aluminum 2.75 g/cm .
  • Page 101 Inspection of Composite Frame, Fork, and Components Cracks: Inspect for cracks, broken, or splintered areas. Any crack is serious. Do not ride any bicycle or component that has a crack of any size. Delamination: Delamination is serious damage. Composites are made from layers of fabric. Delamination means that the layers of fabric are no longer bonded together.
  • Page 102 reasonable fatigue life. It does not mean that the original components will last forever. They won’t.

  • Page 103: Fastener Torque Specifications

    Appendix C Fastener torque specifications Correct tightening torque of threaded fasteners is very important to your safety. Always tighten fasteners to the correct torque. In case of a conflict between the instructions in this manual and information provided by a component manufacturer, consult with your dealer or the manufacturer’s customer service representative for clarification.
  • Page 106 PRINTED IN CHINA...

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