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Related Manuals for Intel D845GVAD2 - P4 Socket 478 ATX Motherboard
Summary of Contents for Intel D845GVAD2 - P4 Socket 478 ATX Motherboard
- Page 1 ® Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Order Number: C14171-001...
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Page 2: Revision History
Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications and before placing your product order. Copies of documents which have an ordering number and are referenced in this document, or other Intel literature, may be obtained from Intel Corporation by going to the World Wide Web site at: http://www.intel.com/ or by calling 1-800-548-4725. -
Page 3: Table Of Contents
Contents 1 Desktop Board Features Desktop Board Components ....................9 Processor ..........................10 Main Memory ........................11 ® Intel 845GV Chipset ......................11 ® Intel 82845GV Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH).........12 ® Intel 82801DB I/O Controller Hub (ICH4)..............12 Firmware Hub (FWH) ....................12 Input/Output (I/O) Controller....................12... - Page 4 Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Installing and Removing Memory ..................24 Installing DIMMs ......................24 Removing DIMMs .......................25 Connecting the IDE Cable ....................25 Connecting the Front Panel Header ..................27 Installing a Front Panel Audio Solution (Optional) ...............27 Installing a Front Panel USB Solution..................27 Setting the BIOS Configuration Jumper Block ..............28...
- Page 5 Contents Power and Hardware Connectors ..............62 Add-In Card and Peripheral Interface Connectors..........63 Front Panel Headers ....................64 Desktop Board Resources....................66 Memory Map ......................66 DMA Channels ......................66 Interrupts ........................67 A Error Messages and Indicators BIOS Beep Codes .......................69 BIOS Error Messages ......................70 B Regulatory Compliance Safety Regulations ......................73 EMC Regulations ........................73...
- Page 6 Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Tables 1. Feature Summary ......................7 2. Processors Supported by the Desktop Board ...............10 3. RJ-45 LAN Connector LEDs ..................14 4. Jumper Settings for the BIOS Setup Program Modes (J9H2) ........28 5. BIOS Setup Program Menu Bar..................37 6.
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Page 7: Desktop Board Features
NOTE: ® technology up to 2 GB, but this technology has not been validated on this Intel desktop board. For more information about the latest list of tested memory, refer to the Intel World Wide Web site at: http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop/ ®... - Page 8 • Support for Suspend to RAM (Instantly Available PC) • Wake on USB, PCI, RS-232, LAN, and front panel ✏ NOTE For information about Intel desktop boards, including the Technical Product Specification (TPS), BIOS updates, and device drivers, go to the Intel World Wide Web site at: http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop/...
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Page 9: Desktop Board Components
Back panel connectors Battery 12 V processor core voltage connector Alternate power/sleep LED connector Rear chassis fan connector Front chassis fan connector Intel 82845GV (GMCH) Chassis intrusion connector Processor socket BIOS configuration jumper Processor fan connector Front panel header DIMM sockets... -
Page 10: Processor
400 MHz 128 KB an mPGA478 package For the latest information on processor support for Desktop Board D845GVAD2, refer to the Intel World Wide Web site at: http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop/ For instructions on installing or upgrading the processor, see Chapter 2 on page 19. -
Page 11: Main Memory
Desktop Board D845GVAD2 has been designed to support DIMMs based on 512 Mbit technology up to 2 GB, but this technology has not been validated on this board. For more information about the latest list of tested memory, refer to the Intel World Wide Web site at: http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop/ ®... -
Page 12: Intel ® 82845Gv Graphics And Memory Controller Hub (Gmch)
® Intel 82845GV Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) The GMCH provides the processor, system memory, and hub interfaces in the Intel 845GV chipset platform. Features on Desktop Board D845GVAD2 include: • Single processor support with 533 MHz/400 MHz data transfer rate •... -
Page 13: Integrated Graphics
Supports RJ-45 connector with status indicator LEDs • Programmable transit threshold • Configurable EEPROM that contains the MAC address LAN Subsystem Software For LAN software and drivers, refer to the D845GVAD2 link on Intel’s World Wide Web site at: http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop... -
Page 14: Rj-45 Lan Connector Leds
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide RJ-45 LAN Connector LEDs Two LEDs are built into the RJ-45 LAN connector. Table 3 describes the LED states when the Intel desktop board is powered up and the LAN subsystem is operating. Table 3. RJ-45 LAN Connector LEDs... -
Page 15: Expansion Slots
Desktop Board Features Expansion Slots Desktop Board D845GVAD2 has four PCI bus add-in card connectors. BIOS The BIOS provides the Power-On Self-Test (POST), the BIOS Setup program, the PCI and IDE auto-configuration utilities, and the video BIOS. The BIOS is stored in the Firmware Hub. The BIOS can be updated by following the instructions in Chapter 3 on page 33. -
Page 16: Power Management Features
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Power Management Features • Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) • Suspend to RAM (Instantly Available PC technology) ACPI ACPI gives the operating system direct control over the power management and Plug & Play functions of a computer. -
Page 17: Hardware Management
PCI and/or USB buses exceeds power supply capacity, the Intel desktop board may lose register settings stored in memory. For more information on standby current requirements for this desktop board, refer to the TPS by selecting the Technical Documentation link at: http://developer.intel.com/design/motherbd/... -
Page 18: Wake From Ps/2 Keyboard/Mouse
See Chapter 2 starting on page 19 for instructions on how to replace the battery. Real-Time Clock Desktop Board D845GVAD2 has a time-of-day clock and 100-year calendar. A battery on the Intel desktop board keeps the clock current when the computer is turned off. -
Page 19: Installing And Replacing Desktop Board Components
2 Installing and Replacing Desktop Board Components This chapter tells you how to: • Install the I/O shield • Install and remove the desktop board • Install and remove a processor • Install and remove memory • Connect the IDE cable •... -
Page 20: Installing The I/O Shield
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Installing the I/O Shield The Intel desktop board comes with an I/O shield. When installed in the chassis, the shield blocks radio frequency transmissions, protects internal components from dust and foreign objects, and promotes correct airflow within the chassis. -
Page 21: Installing And Removing The Desktop Board
Installing and Replacing Desktop Board Components Installing and Removing the Desktop Board Refer to your chassis manual for instructions on installing and removing the desktop board. WARNING Only qualified technical personnel should do this procedure. Disconnect the computer from its power source before performing the procedures described here. -
Page 22: Installing And Removing A Processor
Before installing or removing the processor, make sure that AC power has been removed by unplugging the power cord from the computer; the standby power LED should not be lit (see Figure 2 on page 16). Failure to do so could damage the processor and the Intel desktop board. -
Page 23: Connecting The Processor Fan Heat Sink Cable
Figure 6. Connecting the Processor Fan Heat Sink Cable to the Processor Fan Connector Removing a Processor For instruction on how to remove the processor fan heat sink, refer to the processor installation manual or the Intel World Wide Web site at: http://support.intel.com/support/processors/pentium4/intnotes478.htm... -
Page 24: Installing And Removing Memory
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Installing and Removing Memory CAUTION To be fully compliant with all applicable Intel SDRAM memory specifications, the board requires DIMMs that support the Serial Presence Detect (SPD) data structure. You can access the PC Serial Presence Detect Specification at: http://www.intel.com/technology/memory/pcsdram/spec/... -
Page 25: Removing Dimms
8. Replace the computer’s cover and reconnect the AC power cord. Connecting the IDE Cable ® The Intel boxed desktop board package includes an IDE cable. The cable connects two drives to the desktop board. The cable supports ATA-66 and ATA-100 transfer protocols and is backward compatible with drives using slower IDE transfer protocols. -
Page 26: Connecting The Ide Cable
For correct function of the cable: • Attach the cable end with the single connector to the Intel desktop board (see Figure 8, A). • Attach the cable end with the two closely spaced connectors to the drives (see Figure 8, B). -
Page 27: Connecting The Front Panel Header
Installing and Replacing Desktop Board Components Connecting the Front Panel Header Before connecting the front panel header, observe the precautions in “Before You Begin” on page 19. Refer to Table 31 on page 65 for pin assignments. Installing a Front Panel Audio Solution (Optional) To install the cable that connects the front panel audio solution to the front panel audio header, follow these steps: 1. -
Page 28: Setting The Bios Configuration Jumper Block
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Setting the BIOS Configuration Jumper Block Figure 9 shows the location of the BIOS configuration jumper block (J9H2). J9H2 OM14572 Figure 9. Location of the BIOS Configuration Jumper Block The three-pin BIOS jumper block enables all board configurations to be done in BIOS Setup. -
Page 29: Clearing Passwords
Installing and Replacing Desktop Board Components Clearing Passwords This procedure assumes that the board is installed in the computer and the configuration jumper block is set to normal mode. 1. Observe the precautions in “Before You Begin” on page 19. 2. - Page 30 Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide FORHOLDSREGEL Eksplosionsfare, hvis batteriet erstattes med et batteri af en forkert type. Batterier bør om muligt genbruges. Bortskaffelse af brugte batterier bør foregå i overensstemmelse med gældende miljølovgivning. (Danish) OBS! Det kan oppstå eksplosjonsfare hvis batteriet skiftes ut med feil type. Brukte batterier bør kastes i henhold til gjeldende miljølovgivning.
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Page 31: Removing The Battery From The Desktop Board
Installing and Replacing Desktop Board Components ATENÇÃO Haverá risco de explosão se a bateria for substituída por um tipo de bateria incorreto. As baterias devem ser recicladas nos locais apropriados. A eliminação de baterias usadas deve ser feita de acordo com as regulamentações ambientais da região. (Brazilian Portuguese) To replace the battery, follow these steps: 1. - Page 32 Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide...
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Page 33: Updating The Bios With The Intel ® Express Bios Update Utility
Flash Memory Update Utility With the Intel Flash Memory Update Utility you can update the system BIOS from a floppy disk or other bootable media. The utility available from the Web provides a simple method for creating a bootable flash memory update floppy that will automatically update your BIOS. -
Page 34: Updating The Bios
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide ✏ NOTE Review the instructions distributed with the update utility before attempting a BIOS update. The Intel Flash Memory Update Utility allows you to: • Update the BIOS in flash memory • Update the language section of the BIOS... - Page 35 Updating the BIOS 6. Listen to the speaker: • Upon applying power, drive A will begin to show activity. In about a minute, two beeps are heard and drive A activity ceases (temporarily) indicating the successful recovery of the BIOS core. Drive A activity will begin again followed by two more beeps indicating the successful recovery of the boot block.
- Page 36 Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide...
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Page 37: Using The Bios Setup Program
✏ NOTE The BIOS Setup menus described in this section may not show the latest settings. For the latest BIOS settings, refer to the Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Technical Product Specification or the Intel World Wide Web site: http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop ✏... -
Page 38: Maintenance Menu
Clears the Wired for Management Boot Integrity Service (BIS) credentials. • Cancel CPU Stepping Signature No options Displays processor’s Stepping Signature. CPU Microcode Update No options Displays processor’s Microcode Update Revision. Revision * For information about the BIS, refer to the Intel Web site at: http://developer.intel.com/design/security/index1.htm... -
Page 39: Main Menu
Using the BIOS Setup Program Main Menu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit Table 8 describes the Main Menu. This menu reports processor and memory information and is used to configure the system date and system time. Table 8. Main Menu Feature Options... -
Page 40: Advanced Menu
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Advanced Menu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Diskette Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration Table 9 describes the Advanced Menu. This menu is used to set advanced features that are available through the chipset. -
Page 41: Pci Configuration Submenu
Using the BIOS Setup Program PCI Configuration Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Diskette Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration The submenu shown in Table 10 is used to configure the IRQ priority of PCI slots individually. Table 10. -
Page 42: Boot Configuration Submenu
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Boot Configuration Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Diskette Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration The submenu shown in Table 11 is used to set the Plug & Play options and the power-on state of the Numlock key. -
Page 43: Peripheral Configuration Submenu
Using the BIOS Setup Program Peripheral Configuration Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Diskette Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration This submenu shown in Table 12 is used for configuring computer peripherals. Table 12. - Page 44 Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Table 12. Peripheral Configuration Submenu (continued) Feature Options Description • Disabled Parallel Port Configures the parallel port. • Enabled Auto assigns LPT1 the address 378h and the interrupt IRQ7. • Auto (default) An * (asterisk) displayed next to an address indicates a conflict with another device.
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Page 45: Ide Configuration Submenu
Using the BIOS Setup Program IDE Configuration Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Diskette Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration This submenu shown in Table 13 is used to configure IDE device options. Table 13. -
Page 46: Primary/Secondary Ide Master/Slave Submenus
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Primary/Secondary IDE Master/Slave Submenus Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration ➜ IDE Configuration Primary IDE Master Diskette Configuration Primary IDE Slave Event Log Configuration Secondary IDE Master... - Page 47 Using the BIOS Setup Program Table 14. Primary/Secondary IDE Master/Slave Submenus (continued) Feature Options Description • Auto (default) PIO Mode Specifies the PIO mode. (This feature appears only if • 0 • 1 an IDE device is installed) • 2 •...
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Page 48: Diskette Configuration Submenu
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Diskette Configuration Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Diskette Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration This submenu shown in Table 15 is used to configure the diskette drive. -
Page 49: Event Log Configuration Submenu
Using the BIOS Setup Program Event Log Configuration Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Floppy Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration The submenu shown in Table 16 is used to configure the event logging features. Table 16. -
Page 50: Video Configuration Submenu
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Video Configuration Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Diskette Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration The submenu shown in Table 17 is used to configure video features. -
Page 51: Usb Configuration Submenu
Using the BIOS Setup Program USB Configuration Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Diskette Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration The menu shown in Table 18 is used to configure USB features. Table 18. -
Page 52: Chipset Configuration Submenu
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Chipset Configuration Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit PCI Configuration Boot Configuration Peripheral Configuration IDE Configuration Diskette Configuration Event Log Configuration Video Configuration USB Configuration Chipset Configuration The menu shown in Table 19 is used to configure advanced chipset features. -
Page 53: Security Menu
Using the BIOS Setup Program Table 19. Chipset Configuration Submenu (continued) Feature Options Description SDRAM RAS Act. To Pre. • 7 Selects length of time from read to pre-change. • 6 (default) • 5 • 3.0 (default) SDRAM CAS# Latency Selects the number of clock cycles required to address a column in memory. -
Page 54: Power Menu
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Power Menu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit The menu shown in Table 21 is used to set power management features. Table 21. Power Menu Feature Options Description ACPI [Enter] When selected, displays the ACPI submenu. -
Page 55: Boot Menu
Silent Boot Disabled displays normal POST messages. • Enabled (default) Enabled displays OEM logo instead of POST messages. • Disabled Intel Rapid BIOS Boot Allows BIOS to skip certain tests while booting. • Enabled (default) • Disabled Scan User Flash Area Enables the BIOS to scan the flash ROM for user binary files that are executed at boot time. -
Page 56: Boot Device Priority Submenu
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Boot Device Priority Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit Boot Device Priority Hard Disk Drives Removable Devices ATAPI CD-ROM Drives The submenu represented in Table 24 is for setting boot devices priority. -
Page 57: Removable Devices Submenu
Using the BIOS Setup Program Removable Devices Submenu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit Boot Device Priority Hard Disk Drives Removable Devices ATAPI CD-ROM Drives The submenu in shown Table 26 is for setting removable devices. Table 26. Removable Devices Submenu Feature Options Description... -
Page 58: Exit Menu
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Exit Menu Maintenance Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit The menu shown in Table 28 is used to exit the BIOS Setup program, saving changes, and loading and saving defaults. Table 28. Exit Menu... -
Page 59: Technical Reference
5 Technical Reference Board Connectors The board connectors can be divided into three groups: • Back panel connectors • Midboard connectors — Audio connectors — Power and hardware connectors — Add-in board and peripheral interface connectors • Front panel headers CAUTION Many of the midboard and front panel connectors provide operating voltage (+5 V dc and +12 V dc, for example) to devices inside the computer chassis, such as fans and internal... -
Page 60: Back Panel Connectors
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Back Panel Connectors Figure 11 shows the back panel connectors. OM13689 Item Description Color PS/2 mouse port Green PS/2 keyboard port Purple Parallel port Burgundy Serial port A Teal VGA port Blue RJ-45 (optional) Black USB 2.0 port... -
Page 61: Midboard Connectors
Technical Reference Midboard Connectors Audio Connectors Figure 12 shows the location of the audio connectors. OM14573 Item Description Color Front panel audio (optional) Black Auxiliary line in (ATAPI) Light grey CD-ROM (ATAPI) Black Figure 12. Audio Connectors Table 29 shows the pin assignments for the optional front panel audio header. Table 29. -
Page 62: Power And Hardware Connectors
Desktop Board D845GVAD2 requires an ATX12V or SFX-12V compliant power supply to function according to desktop board specifications. The desktop board has two ATX12V or SFX_12V compliant power supply connectors that are needed to provide extra power to the Intel 845GV chipset and Pentium 4 processor. -
Page 63: Add-In Card And Peripheral Interface Connectors
Technical Reference Add-In Card and Peripheral Interface Connectors Figure 14 shows the add-in card and peripheral interface connectors. OM14575 Item Description Item Description PCI bus connector 4 Floppy drive PCI bus connector 3 Primary IDE PCI bus connector 2 (SMBus routed) Secondary IDE PCI bus connector 1 Figure 14. -
Page 64: Front Panel Headers
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Front Panel Headers Figure 15 shows the location of the front panel headers. OM14576 Item Description Front panel audio (optional) (see Table 29 on page 61 for pin assignments) Front panel USB Front panel Alternate power/sleep LED Figure 15. -
Page 65: Front Panel Usb 2.0 Header (J9F2)
Technical Reference Table 30 shows the pin assignments for the front panel USB 2.0 header. Table 30. Front Panel USB 2.0 Header (J9F2) Signal name Signal name VREG_FP_WSBPWR0 VREG_FP_USBPWR0 USB_FPP0- USB_FPP1- USB_FPP0+ USB_FPP1+ Ground Ground USB_FP_OC0 Note: USB ports may be assigned as needed. Table 31 shows the pin assignments for the front panel header. -
Page 66: Desktop Board Resources
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide Desktop Board Resources Memory Map Table 32. System Memory Map Address Range (decimal) Address Range (hex) Size Description 1024 K - 2097152 K 100000 - 7FFFFFF 2047 MB Extended Memory 960 K - 1024 K... -
Page 67: Interrupts
Technical Reference Interrupts Table 34. Interrupts System Resource I/O channel check Reserved, interval timer Reserved, keyboard buffer full Reserved, cascade interrupt from slave PIC COM2* COM1* LPT2 (Plug & Play option) / ** Diskette drive controller LPT1* Real time clock Onboard mouse port (if present, else user available) Reserved, math coprocessor Primary IDE (if present, else user available) - Page 68 Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide...
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Page 69: A Error Messages And Indicators
A Error Messages and Indicators Desktop Board D845GVAD2 reports POST errors in two ways: • By sounding a beep code • By displaying an error message on the monitor BIOS Beep Codes The BIOS beep codes are listed in Table 35. The BIOS also issues a beep code (one long tone followed by two short tones) during POST if the video configuration fails (a faulty video card or no card installed) or if an external ROM module does not properly checksum to zero. -
Page 70: Bios Error Messages
Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide BIOS Error Messages When a recoverable error occurs during the POST, the BIOS displays an error message describing the problem. Table 36. BIOS Error Messages Error Message Explanation GA20 Error An error occurred with Gate-A20 when switching to protected mode during the memory test. - Page 71 Error Messages and Indicators Table 36. BIOS Error Messages (continued) Error Message Explanation Memory Size Decreased Memory size has decreased since the last boot. If no memory was removed, then memory may be bad. Memory Size Increased Memory size has increased since the last boot. If no memory was added, there may be a problem with the system.
- Page 72 Intel Desktop Board D845GVAD2 Product Guide...
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Page 73: B Regulatory Compliance
Safety standards, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations, and product certification markings for Desktop Board D845GVAD2. • Instructions and precautions for integrators who are installing the Intel desktop board in a chassis. Safety Regulations Desktop Board D845GVAD2 complies with the safety regulations stated in Table 37 when correctly installed in a compatible host system. -
Page 74: Product Certification Markings
Desktop Board D845GVAD2 has the following product certification markings: • UL joint US/Canada Recognized Component mark: consists of small c followed by a stylized backward UR and followed by a small US. Includes adjacent UL file number for Intel desktop boards: E210882 (component side). •... -
Page 75: Installation Instructions
Regulatory Compliance Installation Precautions When you install and test the desktop board, observe all warnings and cautions in the installation instructions. To avoid injury, be careful of: • Sharp pins on connectors • Sharp pins on printed circuit assemblies • Rough edges and sharp corners on the chassis •... -
Page 76: Chassis And Component Certifications
Use Only for Intended Applications All Intel desktop processor boards are evaluated as Information Technology Equipment (I.T.E.) for use in personal computers for installation in homes, offices, schools, computer rooms, and similar locations. The suitability of this product for other applications or environments, such as medical,...